Effect Of Power On Understanding And Adoption A Conflict...

Introduction Power is present in many social interactions, and it allows people to have influence over others (Papa, Daniels, Spiker, 2008). Conflicts arise when a person feels he or she has more power than the other person so they start discriminating, harassing, and alienating the disadvantaged person. Power perspective emphasizes on the ability to compel someone to do something thus suggests power to be coercive and competitive (Papa, et al., 2008). In addition, the power theory views the conflicts as a win-lose competition thus limiting the chances of a satisfactory resolution (Deutsch, Coleman, 2011). Several perspectives on power help in understanding and adoption a conflict resolution strategy (Papa, et al., 2008). In the†¦show more content†¦Conflicts are a result of the competitive humanistic orientation that often leads to a destructive course that produces frustrations and violence. Solving a conflict amicably involves the parties adopting a cooperative orientat ion where the aim is for a win-win situation (Deutsch, Coleman, 2011). They suggest a fair conflict resolution strategy that leaves both parties reconciled. Cooperative relations yield communication, coordination of efforts, and the division of labor. On the other hand, competitive relations tend to have negative effects such as impairing communication as the conflicting parties seek to gain an advantage by misleading the other party through the use of false promises (Deutsch, Coleman, 2011). This paper analyzes a selected case about religious discrimination titled under â€Å"Moody’s Diner employee dating co-owner’s son suffered religious† (Moretto, 2014). In addition, determine which type of power has been used in this case and which perspective of conflict: traditional, interpretive or critical applies to this case. Also analyze this case based on the power critical theory and apply Deutsch and Coleman cooperation and competition model. The Overview of Moody’s Diner Employee Discrimination’s Case â€Å"The Maine Human Rights Commission has

Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay - 1253 Words

Susan Glaspell’s most memorable one-act play, Trifles (1916) was based on murder trial case that happened in the 1900’s. Glaspell worked as a reporter, where she appointed a report of a murder case. It was about a farmer, John Hossack who was killed while he was asleep in bed one night. His wife claimed that she was asleep next to him when the attack occurred. No one believed in her statement, she was arrested and was charged on first degree murder. In Trifles, the play takes place at an abandon house at a farm where John Wright and his wife, Minnie Wright lived. John was killed with a rope around his neck while his wife was asleep. The neighbor, county attorney and sheriff came to the crime scene for investigation. Along with them†¦show more content†¦The women empower themselves through silence, particularly in the kitchen communicating and reflecting upon things around them in the limited space they were given. The men dismiss the kitchen finding nothing tha t is relevant to the murder case. The men keep crisscrossing through the kitchen, ignoring and not realizing they could find the vital evidence through trivial details. Even though they were having difficulty in finding clues that lead to the murder. While the women were alone looking through Minnie’s kitchen they found the most valuable evidence the â€Å"missing piece to men’s puzzle† (Holstein 283). Mrs. Hale found the dead bird strangled in the sewing box telling â€Å"Mrs. Peters-look at it! Its neck! Look at its neck!† (782). Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters recognize the bird was strangled brutally â€Å"their eyes meet. A look of growing comprehension, of horror† (Glaspell 782). Both of them realized the bird was killed the same way as Mr. Wright with the rope around their neck. The strangled bird represents Minnie Foster how her freedom and joy was strangled to death. When the men came in the kitchen, the county attorney noticed the bird cage, w ondering if the bird flew away, but Mrs. Hale lied and said â€Å"we think the- cat got it† ( Glaspell 782). The county attorney seek only visible evidence for murder he was wasn’t thinking critically what it may mean. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters covered the evidence keeping it between themselves for their own knowledge. TheyShow MoreRelatedTrifles, By Susan Glaspell Essay2136 Words   |  9 Pagesprimarily of a domestic nature. Trifles by Susan Glaspell indicates that a man’s perspective is entirely different from a woman’s. The one-act play, Trifles, is a murder mystery which examines the lives of rural, middle-aged, married, women characters through gender relationships, power between the sexes, and the nature of truth. The play, written in the early 1900s, long before the women’s movement and while men considered women their possessions. In the story of Trifles, it is easy to recognize theRead MoreTrifles by Susan Glaspell1158 Words   |  5 P agesAnalytical Essay on Drama Trifles by Susan Glaspell Heidi Barnard South University Trifles’ By Susan Glaspell I believe had several small defining moments leading to the one larger defining moment, which brings together all of them together. The defining moment is the discovery of the dead bird hidden in the pretty red box, this leads back to smaller points such as her sewing and the bird cage. â€Å" Here’s some red. I expect this has got sewing things in it. (Brings out a fancy box.) What aRead MoreTrifles By Susan Glaspell1000 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In Trifles by Susan Glaspell, the author presents a predominant  theme of women and femininity. This theme reflects upon the underlying message of the play, that women are not treated fairly and are not seen in the same light as men. Susan Glaspell demonstrates the common assumptions made by men towards women in terms of roles and degrading their value/insight. Throughout the play, Glaspell provides many instances to where a woman’s value or insight is degraded. Hale demonstrates thisRead MoreTrifles by Susan Glaspell604 Words   |  2 Pages Trifles by Susan Glaspell is a one-act play that explores the theme of the gender roles and social positions of men and women in early twentieth-century America. The play is loosely based on the true event of the murder of John Hossack which Glaspell reported on while working as a news journalist in Iowa. Years later, she used her experiences and observations to create the play. Trifles is about solving the murder case of farmer John Wright. While Mr. Wright was asleep in the night, someoneRead MoreTrifles, By Susan Glaspell1034 Words   |  5 Pagessay goes. The 1912 play Trifles, by Susan Glaspell, who was inspired to write this play from a story she covered as a reporter. A murder case is being held and authorities are getting down to it suspecting a woman of killing her husband in his sl eep. The character Mrs. Hale who is neighbors and friends with Mrs. Peters, the sheriff’s wife and Mrs. Wright, the woman accused of the murder of her Husband, Mr. Wright. The character Mrs. Hale, in the Susan Glaspell s play Trifles, is displayed as a empoweringRead MoreTrifles, By Susan Glaspell Essay1469 Words   |  6 PagesSusan Glaspell’s one-act play Trifles is based on the murder investigation of John Wright. Minnie Wright’s isolation and the death of her canary are the major factors that led to the murder of her husband. Glaspell stresses the perceived supremacy of males when investigating the murder by giving the men lead roles in the investigation and by making fun of the â€Å"trifles† that the women are choosing to observe. It is ironic because the ordinary items observed by the women were thought of as â€Å"trifles†Read MoreTrifles : Susan Glaspell s Trifles940 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is a trifle? A trifle is something that ha s little to no importance (dictionary.com). For instance, the color of your nails would be considered a trifle. In Trifles by Susan Glaspell, women are criticized and made fun of by men because of the little things they worry about, such as the color of their nails or their hair. This exhibits the gender role difference portrayed during the play’s time period. The central conflict is what the plot is centered around. In Trifles, the central conflictRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles 1507 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Trifles† is a one act play written by Susan Glaspell in 1916, which was first performed on August 8th by the Provincetown Players in Provincetown, Massachusetts at the Wharf Theater. The author, Susan Glaspell, was born on July 1, 1876 in Davenport, Iowa. Over her lifetime she had become proficient in many different professions: Playwright, Actress, Novelist, and Journalist. For her works, she won an American Pulitzer Prize in 1931. The Provincetown Players was founded by Susan Glaspell and herRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles 1732 Words   |  7 PagesSusan Glaspell (1876-1948) was an American-born Pulitzer Prize winning writer of both plays and fiction. Glaspell came from humble beginnings and went on to study at Drake University and the University of Chicago. Much of Glaspell s work dealt with the relationships between men and women and the negative effects they have on women. In Glaspell s play Trifles, it is revealed that the operations of patriarchy are just an illusion that men have created to make themselves feel superior to womenRead MoreAnalysis Of Trifles By Susan Glaspell804 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play Trifles, Susan Glaspell creates a situation that at first glance appears to place a woman at fault, but as the readers continue, he/she realizes that the truth is the opposite to what it appears to be. It is interesting to see how the author uses the image of a perfect husband to portray irony with the hidden theme of isolation and patriarchy within their domestic relationship. This irony leads into Minnie Foster, also called Mrs. Wright, to use the idea of justice vs. law within this

Holiday Depression Free Essays

Tara Heubel Eng 101 Section 1130 Essay 2 Final draft Tis the Season For most people the holiday season is a very happy time. It is a time for laughter and rejoicing. It is during the holiday season that we begin to see and hear from loved ones that may not always be in touch. We will write a custom essay sample on Holiday Depression or any similar topic only for you Order Now Friends and family from everywhere begin to make contact during this time of year in hopes to send merry wishes for the year and year to come. However not all people are overcome with the â€Å"holiday spirit,† but are rather plagued with the feeling of sadness and loneliness. This small group of people struggle through the holiday season. There are many different variables that may lead to this frustration during this time of year. No matter what the reason may be for feeling so down, the fact remains that for these individuals the holidays cause serious depression. With all the celebrating that takes place during the holidays host and hostesses may just be the most underrated people working hard to make the holiday celebration a great success! Unless you are the yearly host of a holiday get together, you really have no idea about the burden and stress that can be placed on the person who is coordinating the celebration. There are people to invite, food to purchase and prepare, decorations to hang, presents to wrap, and an atmosphere to set. The host of the party is usually preparing for the main event several months ahead of time, that is if he or she is smart, to be sure that nothing is forgotten. After all, there won’t be another party like this one till next year. If the party goes well it will be talked about all year long and people will be excited to return for future celebrations! This is ideally what every host is hoping to achieve. The perfect celebration! Every year the media portrays holidays such as Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Years as even bigger and bigger events. They run an unlimited amount of advertisements portraying perfect celebrations with the perfect decorations and the perfect meal. Every home is filled with laughing faces and happy hearts. It is as if you have stepped right into a Norman Rockwell painting! People are compelled to be wearing the perfect outfit. They hope to give and to receive the perfect gift. They anticipate eating the perfect holiday feast with all the wonderful side dishes and rows of lavish desserts, pies, and cookies! It should not go unmentioned that all this striving for perfection is the perfect recipe for holiday depression and stress. With all this emphasis placed on the perfect celebration; God forbid you make a mistake! Lets just think about it for a second, have you ever been to the grocery store or any shopping environment for that matter during the holidays? It is nothing short of mass chaos! There are gangs of last minute shoppers and frustrated consumers tearing through what is left of seasonal or holiday items. To be such a supposed jolly time of year, there are many, many angry people shopping. With everyone feeling the stress of this time of year it seems to bring out a darker side of us in the form of what I like to call â€Å"shopping rage. † People are frantically searching for last minute gift ideas or perhaps they just realized they had forgotten something detrimental for their feast or decor. Another popular reason for spending hours of wasted stress filled time is due to finding the right attire to model during the get together. This outfit rarely gets worn ever again after the four or five hours you’ve had it on it ends up in the back of the closet never to be seen again. This is of course after you have spent three hours finding it, trying on several combinations of red, green, black, and gold. Making sure to match and pull together every last article of clothing from the jewelry to the shoes and everything in between. About One hundred and fifty dollars later you have the perfect outfit that you will never wear again! Wanting things to work out perfectly, becomes an obsession for the individual who is burdened with the responsibility of executing the most memorable celebration. Only in a perfect world does everything always work out as planned. In this world however, there are just too many opportunities for something not to work out as planned so mistakes and accidents should be expected. Not everyone is able to accept this truth though. Some people end up spending so much time worrying about doing everything so right that they end up missing out on the â€Å"good stuff† like the time spent with loved ones. These people spend the whole holiday depressed and stressed out about meeting out materialistic cultures ideal standards for the holiday celebrations. With all the celebrating and gift giving, and decorating and throwing parties and preparing grand meals, and everything else that is associated with the holidays does anyone ever stop to ponder the incre`dible amount of money that is dumped by the millions every year into generating the â€Å"holiday season? I am sure it comes as no surprise that most people save all year long just to be prepared for this time of year. Everywhere you look during this time of year there are advertisements, one after another, urging people to spend, spend, SPEND! These ads always seem to suggest that if you don’t have an over the top lavish party that is even bigger and better than the last, then you have failed as a human to do what was expected of you during the holidays. There is truly something lost in all this misinterpreted meaning of the holidays. I mean when did celebrating time with the ones you love become such â€Å"BIG BUSINESS? † For far too many people the holiday season brings about serious depression caused by the inability for these people to afford the ridiculous things that they feel must be purchased in order to have a â€Å"proper† celebration especially if they have children. Parents always want their kids to have the best of the best and they want to buy them whatever gift it is that they have wanted and asked for all year long! However, people who don’t have enough money to get these things are struck with a great deal of depression. These same people may not have enough money to purchase everything society says we need for an extravagant meal or over the top decorations and parties. For all of these things have nothing at all to do with the true meaning of the holidays, still somehow far too much importance has been placed on materialistic things. No matter what the reason may be for a person felling the strain of holiday blues weighing them down, the fact remains that the holiday season can cause a great deal of sadness and depression for many different people. How to cite Holiday Depression, Papers

Countryside v.s City Life free essay sample

Life Have you ever thought about your birth place? Do you make your own decision where to live? I believe every person, in a certain time, think about the place they should live: countryside or city? To make the best choice, we must look at three big differences between countryside and city: the environment, education, entertainment. First of all, the countryside has a quiet and peaceful environment. Since most people living in the countryside make their living mainly on farming, the atmosphere is kept fresh and healthy. They are living close to the nature with green vegetables, pure water. In the countryside, people are neither in a hurry, nor anxious. They can stay in their house until they feel the need to visit their farm. On the contrary, the city has a busy and stressful environment. Everyday city dwellers have to face with pollution by noise and smoke from a huge amount of vehicles. We will write a custom essay sample on Countryside v.s City Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since many people work in factories or offices, and they also get paid by working hours, every day they are full of schedules and plans. As a result, they are suffering more pressures than those living in the countryside. The next difference between city and countryside is education. In the countryside, there are not many high graded school, many students have to go to the big city for higher education. While schools in the countryside don’t provide much services for students, many schools in the big city are equipped with modern labs supporting for practice and research. Others with workshops on or off campus give the learners the best training for later work. Schools in big cities also offer many activities for low grade students like field trips and boys and girls club. In higher levels, with many exhibitions, fairs, festivals and conferences, students are much easier to do their researches. Entertainment is another concern of many people. In the countryside, entertainment is only in some physical activities: fishing, biking, hiking, swimming. These things, in fact, are only practice outside and sometime not enough for the human nonstop needs. In big cities, there are more culture activities like concerts and cinemas making the richness of mental life. Entertainment of the nightlife including casinos, clubs, hotels, recreation and shopping centers, gyms, fashion centers, contributes to the liveliness of a city, which we are hardly find in the countryside. In conclusion, both countryside and city has their own values. Therefore, people can choose living in the countryside or in the city depending on their most needs. For me, each person only has one life. We are not able to choose the birth place but we completely can choose the place to live. That is the part of reaching our most optimal peak of life. Once we look back we are proud of the happy time we have ever lived in that place.

Very powerful character Essay Example For Students

Very powerful character Essay Additionally he is characterized as the person that resembles Fate. He is thought of like this for countless reasons. One of the main reasons for this is due to the fact that he hands Mrs Lyons the bible, prompting her to act on superstition.  Also this is exemplified in the song Shoes upon the table, which is repeated throughout the play, this song represents a both the idea that he is the devil and fate. The lyrics, You know are repeated throughout the song. This implies everything that is going to happen is already known by the narrator as he sings this to the characters. He wouldnt know that any of this was going to happen if he did not represent this. We will write a custom essay on Very powerful character specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Moreover, the Narrator is thought of as a very powerful character. Russell, however, does this in a very subtle manner. He does this in many different ways, one being the intention that the Narrator is always on a higher surface than other characters, thus giving the supposition that he is closer to god therefore having a greater power than other characters. In conjunction with this he wears simple dark clothes and has a blank emotion on his face, giving him a neutral status, as we cant identify anything about him. His dress sense also gives the audience the idea he is dressed for a dark occasion, such as a funeral. This fits in with the idea that he represents Fate, because he knows they are going to die. During the time when Willy wrote this play, social class difference was a strong talking point, this is well put across from start to finish in the performance, through clothing, setting and language.  The language is paramount to the idea of social structure, as it appears so often. A prime example of this is when Mickey and Eddy first meet and Mickey teaches Eddy taboo words, such as pissed and the F word. The fact that Mickey knows these words proposes he has been allowed to have the exposure to these words as he hasnt had the money to occupy himself in other ways. Russells use of colloquial language, swearing and abbreviated speech, linked with a varying vocabulary, between the two 7 year olds is intended to indicate to the audience the way in which their upbringing have already, even at this young age, affected their ability to operate in society. He wants the audience to recognize that the boys different class background differs with great intensity.  At the age of seven when the twins first meet the up-bringing they have had becomes extremely apparent through Russells excellent use of language in the dialogue. When talking about their mothers, Mickey uses the term mam, this signifies that Mickey is from a poorer background as the audience would generally link this sort of language with someone from a poorer, un-educated background. However, Edward uses the word mummy, the automatically gives the audience a presumption that he is better off, being a term more commonly associated with people of a higher class. In conjunction with this mummy, infers that because the Lyons were better of, Mrs Lyons had more time to spend with her child and this term confirms this as it suggests the pair were closer, because Mrs Lyons wasnt having to go out to work and earn a living, unlike Mrs Johnstone. Additionally in their first dialogue as a pair, Mickey tends to use slang such as cos and gis a, this implies that he has been brought up around language like this, which obviously portrays the fact he is from a lower class. On the other hand Edward pronounces words fully, which tells the audience he has better educated parents that have bought him up to say words like this. .u100bd0a055cb5b77ab7707930fd482e6 , .u100bd0a055cb5b77ab7707930fd482e6 .postImageUrl , .u100bd0a055cb5b77ab7707930fd482e6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u100bd0a055cb5b77ab7707930fd482e6 , .u100bd0a055cb5b77ab7707930fd482e6:hover , .u100bd0a055cb5b77ab7707930fd482e6:visited , .u100bd0a055cb5b77ab7707930fd482e6:active { border:0!important; } .u100bd0a055cb5b77ab7707930fd482e6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u100bd0a055cb5b77ab7707930fd482e6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u100bd0a055cb5b77ab7707930fd482e6:active , .u100bd0a055cb5b77ab7707930fd482e6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u100bd0a055cb5b77ab7707930fd482e6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u100bd0a055cb5b77ab7707930fd482e6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u100bd0a055cb5b77ab7707930fd482e6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u100bd0a055cb5b77ab7707930fd482e6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u100bd0a055cb5b77ab7707930fd482e6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u100bd0a055cb5b77ab7707930fd482e6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u100bd0a055cb5b77ab7707930fd482e6 .u100bd0a055cb5b77ab7707930fd482e6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u100bd0a055cb5b77ab7707930fd482e6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Utilitarianism Analysis EssayAs children Edward and Mickey get into trouble with the police and when the policeman goes to speak to the parents he speaks to them in very different natures. When he is talking to Mrs Johnstone he is very abrupt, he swears and calls her love. Yet on the other hand when he is talking to Mr Lyons he makes a joke, he is polite and calls him sir, and this infers that he has more respect for Mr Lyons because he is wealthier and from an upper-class background. Also, Mr Lyons pours the policeman a glass of whiskey showing that firstly, The Lyons can afford to do this, but most importantly the fact that he is so well-educated, he can calculated such a sly plan, to get the better of the policeman .Willy uses the policeman to show a strong sense of hierarchy between the two classes. The way he speaks down to Mrs Johnstone suggests she is low down in the hierarchy and deserves to be treated poorly. Yet when speaking to Mr Lyons, he speaks to him with a lot more authority, inferring that because Mr Lyons is high up, he doesnt want to get on the wrong side of him. When Edward and Mickey are younger Edward is always dressed in smart clean clothes that change everyday. Where as Mickey wears clothing half his size with rips in them and continuously wears these items for the duration of the characters younger stages of life. This suggests to the audience that Edward is able to afford nice new clothes, while Mickey has to wear hand-me-downs due to his mothers poor income.

Good and Evil in the Movie Independence Day essays

Good and Evil in the Movie Independence Day essays Good and evil is something which can be portrayed in many different ways according to various social agendas or beliefs. Although most of us think we understand what is good or evil, these concepts are often subjective and difficult to define. Evil, as a dictionary meaning, is defined as being "morally bad; wicked." On the other hand, the dictionary meaning of good is defined as being "Morally excellent; virtuous." These definitions, however, can be modified to suit various cultures of the world. The reason for this is that something which is seen to be morally excellent in America may be morally bad in parts of Afghanistan. Media perceptions have a large influence on making us believe and uncontrollably develop different perceptions of evil. Independence Day is a movie which highlights this view. Independence Day is set in America and is about a group of mysterious and powerful aliens who travel to earth from 600 billion light years away and launch an all-out invasion against the human race. The spectacle begins when massive spaceships appear in the Earth's skies, but wonder turns to terror as the ships blast destructive beams of fire down on cities all over the planet. After taking horrendous destructive power of the aliens, which is seen to be evil, America unites for one last strike against the invaders - before it's the end of all mankind. The strike is successful and the ''good guys'' beat the evil. The creator, Roland Emmerich, produces this movie around a good Vs evil aspect. He develops the aliens to be evil and displays humans, particularly Americans, to be good. To do this, he manipulates us into seeing certain objects and characteristics that relate to either good or evil. These aliens have come to Earth and started destroying what humans call home. This Concept is portrayed as evil by all religions and social agendas all over the world. However, it may be seen as good if this act is occurring to a particular place...

Real Life Bargaining & Negotiation Situation Research Paper

Real Life Bargaining & Negotiation Situation - Research Paper Example The cooks were only two, the waiters were two, and I was the only cashier. Employees, including me, were free only on Sunday when the business closed. We were also given a small amount of salary weekly. There was need for a negotiation that would ensure that the owner of the business was satisfied with the business profit while at the same time boosting the morale of employees with reduced workload and increased wages. The negotiation was faced by a lot of challenges. For instance, some employees were afraid of complaining or raising their concerns because they feared that they would lose their jobs. The employer was a strict person with a very serious personality. The economy was bad, and getting a job was difficult. Losing one’s job would therefore mean that things would become more difficult for the employees as they struggle to meet their daily needs. The employees also came from different backgrounds in terms of culture, social status and demography. Therefore, understanding each other in terms of ideas and items of negotiation was difficult. Despite this challenging environment, employees were compelled to approach the owner of the business for a negotiation for higher wages and reduced workload. The workload had caused significant level of stress among the employees and the wages barely met their daily needs. This would have a negative impact on the performance of staff and cause lower productivity and profitability. Therefore, the negotiation was not only necessary for the employees to meet their needs but also for the business to earn profits and grow. The people involved in the negotiation process were the employees, the business owner, regular customers, a few members and leaders of the community, and a member of the local government. I was one of the employees, and we were supported by some of the customers and members of the community who had noted how

Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Motivation - Essay Example There is also Ray, the hot sandwich server, who has also helped Ann to take up the slack as well as Peter, who works the hot entrees spot and interacts well with Lenny, who also entertain an expectancy of gaining the job based upon the efforts they have put into their work so far. Moreover, in arriving at a replacement, when Artie is restricting himself to Averil and Gloria as choices, he has failed to take into account the Lenny factor. Since Lenny is a temperamental sort and Artie already has problems with him, he must ensure that the candidate who is finally selected is one that can get along with Lenny as well as Ann did, in order to ensure that the kitchen functions smoothly without extra temperamental outbursts from Lenny, who is a very important employee. The key to successfully selecting the right candidate will involve a current identification of the expectancies of each employee. The Expectancy theory suggests that individuals, acting on the basis of their own self interest, will adopt those courses of action at work which are likely to maximize the probability of desirable outcomes for themselves.(Pitt, 2001:1). The theory is based on the assumption that valence, expectancy and force are the three determinants that influence a person’s motivation in choosing one decision over another. (Vroom, 1995). For example, factors that motivate employees to perform better is better wages, how their time is spent or how much appreciation they receive, or even how well they interact socially with other employees. Applying this in Lenny’s case, the expectancy model suggests that Lenny is not comfortable with changes. He is unlikely to respond well to an unknown employee such as Gloria for example. A desirable outcome for Lenny would be to maintain the status quo as far as possible, therefore an employee like Peter may be acceptable to him because he knows he can control

Memorial to Imaginary Choson King Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Memorial to Imaginary Choson King - Essay Example The largest population of Korea comprises of secondary people with the citizens being recognized as the owners of the country, since they influence the future. In this case, discrimination can result to rebel against the king, which may lead to undesired outcomes. Therefore, the secondary status groups act as a buffer between the ruling aristocracy and the numerous numbers of commoners; thus, they are significant for facilitating social stability. Prohibition against Remarriage of Women Marriage has been considered as an affair between two people, which should last beyond the death of the husband. In fact, the Confucians have an emphasis on exclusiveness of marital relationships; the legislators argue that there is need to prohibit remarriage of women, as a custom, during the Koryo. This is a form of discrimination, since there is no sound base for barring women from remarrying after the death of their husband. Moreover, there is the law that constraints the sons and grandsons of wom en, who have been married thrice from attaining a bureaucratic position, taking national examinations and receiving a post in administrative offices. This hinders them from effectively contributing to the economic development of the country. Discrimination can be considered sensitive, given that it is addressed in the State Code of 1485 without a direct outlaw of remarriage in women. In fact, sons and grandsons of remarried women are denied a chance to be eligible for civil military office. Therefore, the law hinders them from involvement in higher or lower civil service examinations. Consequently, it results to legal implications and facilitate the impossibility for remarriages in women. Nevertheless, women who have been remarried twice are not mentioned in this law, since the law is based on the basic law and ritual decorum related to human feelings. Therefore, this law is discriminating against poor women who live without supportive relatives, whereby they have trouble in maintai ning their chastity in a situation of being windowed in their early years. In this case, they are bound to make a decision of marrying for the second time, and there is no harm on ritual decorum. Therefore, laws barring their sons and grandsons from receiving high office should be expunged. Discrimination against Secondary Sons Since the beginning of the dynasty, there was a distinction between the main wife and concubines, which led to severe implications on the social status of the concubine’s sons. Consequently, the sons have been regarded as superfluous member in relation to the main descendant line, since their mothers are in the lower status in the society, which is attributed to being socially despised. They have been barred from examinations and becoming officials due to their personal initiatives; there are structural constrains of lineal consideration because of social imbalances. Barring secondary sons and their descendants from taking civil service examination and attaining a bureaucratic position is not a traditional law in Choson society. In fact, the law was compiled along with the State Code [1485], and since then, the law has been passed for a century. In fact, this form of discrimination has never been experienced in other counties such as China or other territories surrounding Choson society. Nevertheless, the reason behind barring of secondary sons from taking bureaucratic position is inappropriate maternal line in their generations. Consequently, they end up being frustrated and dying in the countryside, whereby their talents end up being wasted to the society. Peasants and Slaves Social differentiation has been accepted by the Confucians, whereby there are four categories comprising of

Hydrosphere And The Hydrologic Cycle Environmental Sciences Essay

Hydrosphere And The Hydrologic Cycle Environmental Sciences Essay The purpose of this report is to describe the most important features of Earth from a scientific point of view. After investigating the Earth system, four components are identified. They are namely atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and geosphere. Different components are interconnected so that no single part of the system can work without any other. This report will focus on the composition, operation and evolution of different components as well as an Earth system as a whole. The report will begin by describing the four spheres one by one, followed by a conclusive overview of how the four spheres work together. Hydrosphere and the hydrologic cycle Earth is a blue planet with a wide surface coverage of water. It is approximated that 75% of the Earth surface, which equivalents to about 361 million m2, is covered by ocean. The hydrosphere is important as lives cannot exist without water. Composition of hydrosphere The hydrosphere is composed of all of the water on or near the earth. The total stock of it is approximately 1400 million km3 (Bronstert et al. 2005). This includes all forms of water in the oceans, rivers, lakes, and even the moisture in the air. Ninety-seven percent of the earths water is in the oceans while the remaining three percent is fresh water for which three-quarters of the fresh water is solid and exists in ice sheets. The major reservoirs in the hydrologic cycle are surface water, groundwater and glacier (Bronstert et al. 2005). Water cycle The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. It includes the processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and subsurface flow. The Sun is the main energy to drive the whole hydrological cycle. Water takes up heat and evaporates as water vapor into the air. Water can be released out from plants through evapotranspiration. Ice and snow can change to gaseous form by sublimation. Water vapor is transferred by air to different lattitudes. They condense and fall as precipitation in the form of rain, snow, hail and sleet. The water can be stored in solid form as ice caps and glaciers for thousands of years. Most water falls back into the oceans or onto land as rain. The water flows over the ground is known as surface runoff and part of it flows into rivers. Much of it soaks into the ground as infiltration. Runoff and groundwater are stored as freshwater in lakes. Over time, the water returns to the ocean, where our water cycle started. Hydrological cycle also involves the exchange of heat and contributes to temperature changes. For example, water takes up energy as latent heat when evaporates and thus lower the surrounding temperature. When it condenses, latent heat is released and warms the environment. By transferring water from one reservoir to another, the hydrological cycle purifies water through infiltration, replenishes the land with freshwater, and transports minerals to different parts of the globe. Erosion and sedimentation reshape the geological features of the Earth. Moreover, the hydrological cycle helps in maintain life and ecosystems on Earth. Evolution through history The hydrosphere has been changed and evolved over the geological time. The amount and distribution pattern of precipitation, salinity of water, glacial pattern and the quality of freshwater have all been changed. Some are natural evolution but some are altered by human. Precipitation Salinity Glacial retreat Glacial retreat is also an example of a changing water cycle, where the supply of water to glaciers from precipitation cannot keep up with the loss of water from melting and sublimation. Glacial retreat since 1850 has been extensive. Pollution and scarcity Freshwater resources have been severely polluted by human especially since the industrial revolution. Human activities like agriculture and industry discharge enormous untreated contaminants into freshwater system through rivers and ground water. This leads to scarcity of freshwater to human in some regions. Geosphere The outer layers of the Earth are composed of lithosphere and asthenosphere. The lithosphere is the rigid outermost part consists of the crust and the portion of the upper mantle. The asthenosphere is the weaker and deeper part of the upper mantle which flows more easily. The lithosphere is underlain by the asthenosphere. The boundary between them is defined by a difference in response to stress: the lithosphere remains rigid for very long periods of geologic time in which it deforms elastically and through brittle failure, while the asthenosphere deforms viscously and accommodates strain through plastic deformation. Plate Tectonics The key principle of plate tectonics is that the lithosphere exists as separate and distinct tectonic plates, which ride on the fluid-like asthenosphere. Tectonic plates contain both oceanic lithosphere and continental lithosphere with its own kind of crust on top. There are seven, some say eight, major plates and many minor plates on Earth. There are three kinds of plate boundaries namely convergent, divergent and transform. Convergent boundary is where two plates collide; Divergent plate boundary is where plates move apart with each other; Transform boundary is where plates slide past each other. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries. Lithosphereà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s properties of bigger strength and lower density allow tectonic plates to float and move on asthenosphere. Lateral density variations in the mantle result in convection. The relative motion between the plates is accommodated by seafloor spreading and the creation of new plates at oceanic ridges, subduction of the surface plates at ocean trenches, and strike-slip motion at transform faults which allows plate motion without creating or removing surface plates. (Landuyt, William 2009) Evolution It is believed that the present continents once formed a single land mass Pangea. This supercontinent existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras, forming about 300 million years ago and beginning to rift around 200 million years ago. In the Early Jurassic at 175 Ma, Pangea was begun to separate and form two supercontinents, which were Gondwana and Laurasia. Gondwana included most of the landmasses in todays Southern Hemisphere, including Antarctica, South America, Africa, Madagascar and the Australian continent, as well as the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent, which have now moved entirely into the Northern Hemisphere. The plates move slowly, leading to the positions of continents and oceans today by collision and separation. The break-up of Pangea still continues today. Therefore, the distribution of continents and ocean on Earth is very likely to be changed gradually in the future. Atmosphere The atmosphere of Earth is a layer of gases retained by Earths gravity surrounding the planet. It can absorb ultraviolet solar radiation, warm the surface through greenhouse effect, and reducing temperature extremes between day and night. The importance of atmosphere is to sustain life on Earth. Structure The atmosphere can be divided it into several layers with different rate of change in temperature with height and composition. The Earths atmosphere consists, from the ground up, of the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere and also the magnetosphere. Variation of properties through the layers of the atmosphere Figure 1 cr: http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/atmosphere/q0090.shtml Composition nowadays The atmospheric composition on Earth is largely governed by the by-products of the very life that it sustains. Earths atmosphere contains roughly (by molar content/volume) 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, a variable amount (average around 1.247%) water vapor, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, and traces of hydrogen, helium, and other noble gases. Additionally, among all layers of Earth atmosphere, only the troposphere is found to be suitable for terrestrial plants and terrestrial animals. Evolution The earliest atmosphere was mainly consisted of hydrogen. Moreover, it was likely that there were simple hydrides, especially methane, ammonia and water vapor. The atmosphere then evolved after some time, containing lots of nitrogen and carbon dioxide as well as inert gases. Outgassing from volcanoes contributed to the evolution of atmosphere at this stage. Besides, large asteroids bombarded the Earth, also producing gases took part in the evolution. Furthermore, much carbon dioxide exhalations were dissolved in ocean made up heavy rainfall. Nitrogen was the major component of the atmosphere 3.4 billion years ago. An influence of life has to be taken into account rather soon in the history of the atmosphere, since hints of early life forms are to be found as early as 3.5 billion years ago. Oxygen began to develop in atmosphere in the late Archaean eon about 2.7 billion years ago. Photosynthesizing algae as stromatolite is believed to contribute to it. Free oxygen did not exist until about 1.7 billion years ago. The evidence of it is the existence of the red beds and the end of the banded iron formations. Iron was oxidized by oxygen and the oxygen content did not get high until the huge amount of iron had been oxidized. This marks a change from a reducing atmosphere to an oxidizing atmosphere. The accretion of continents about 3.5 billion years ago added plate tectonics, constantly rearranging the continents and also shaping long-term climate evolution by allowing the transfer of carbon dioxide to large land-based carbonate stores. There was a peak 280 million years ago, when the amount of oxygen was about 30%, much higher than today. The process of plants emitting oxygen and the volcanoes effect on sulphur affect the amount of oxygen. The break down of pyrite rocks cause sulphur to be added to the oceans. Volcanos cause this sulphur to be oxidized, reducing the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. Nevertheless, volcanos also emit carbon dioxide which can be converted into oxygen by plants. Recent: Air pollution and increasing greenhouse gases Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to organisms into the atmosphere. Human activities emitted huge amount of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxides and methane into the atmosphere. It is believed that the anthropogenic alteration of the atmospheric gases causes global warming on Earth. In addition, the increase in CFCs usage by human is also believed ozone to be the reason for ozone depletion in the stratosphere. Biosphere It is estimated that the biosphere have begun to evolve 3.5 billion years ago. The biosphere is the global sum of all ecosystems. It can also be called the zone of life on Earth, a closed and self-regulating system. The biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. The biosphere is divided into a number of biomes, inhabited by broadly similar flora and fauna. On land, biomes are separated primarily by latitude. Terrestrial biomes lying within the Arctic and Antarctic Circles are relatively barren of plant and animal life, while most of the more populous biomes lie near the equator. Terrestrial organisms in temperate and Arctic biomes have relatively small amounts of total biomass, smaller energy budgets, and display prominent adaptations to cold, including world-spanning migrations, social adaptations, homeothermy, estivation and multiple layers of insulation. Evolution Origins of life There is a lot of research on the origin of life. One of the idea is that the beginning of life may have included self-replicating molecules such as RNA and the assembly of simple cells. Evolution of life Prokaryotes inhabited the Earth from approximately 3à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬4 billion years ago.[255][256] No obvious changes in morphology or cellular organisation occurred in these organisms over the next few billion years.[257] The eukaryotic cells emerged between 1.6  Ãƒ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 2.7 billion years ago. The next major change in cell structure came when bacteria were engulfed by eukaryotic cells, in a cooperative association called endosymbiosis.[258][259] The engulfed bacteria and the host cell then underwent co-evolution, with the bacteria evolving into either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes.[260] Another engulfment of cyanobacterial-like organisms led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants.[261] The history of life was that of the unicellular eukaryotes, prokaryotes and archaea until about 610 million years ago when multicellular organisms began to appear in the oceans in the Ediacaran period.[255][262] The evolution of multicellularity occurred in multiple independent events, in organisms as diverse as sponges, brown algae, cyanobacteria, slime moulds and myxobacteria.[263] Soon after the emergence of these first multicellular organisms, a remarkable amount of biological diversity appeared over approximately 10 million years, in an event called the Cambrian explosion. Here, the majority of types of modern animals appeared in the fossil record, as well as unique lineages that subsequently became extinct.[264] Various triggers for the Cambrian explosion have been proposed, including the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere from photosynthesis.[265] About 500 million years ago, plants and fungi colonised the land and were soon followed by arthropods and other animals.[266] Insects were particularly successful and even today make up the majority of animal species.[267] Amphibians first appeared around 364 million years ago, followed by early amniotes and birds around 155 million years ago (both from reptile-like lineages), mammals around 129 million years ago, homininae around 10 million years ago and modern humans around 250,000 years ago.[268][269][270] However, despite the evolution of these large animals, smaller organisms similar to the types that evolved early in this process continue to be highly successful and dominate the Earth, with the majority of both biomass and species being prokaryotes.[151] 3.6 billion years of simple cells (prokaryotes), 3.4 billion years of stromatolites demonstrating photosynthesis, 2 billion years of complex cells (eukaryotes), 1 billion years of multicellular life, 600 million years of simple animals, 570 million years of arthropods (ancestors of insects, arachnids and crustaceans), 550 million years of complex animals, 500 million years of fish and proto-amphibians, 475 million years of land plants, 400 million years of insects and seeds, 360 million years of amphibians, 300 million years of reptiles, 200 million years of mammals, 150 million years of birds, 130 million years of flowers, 65 million years since the dinosaurs died out, 2.5 million years since the appearance of the genus Homo, 200,000 years of anatomically modern humans, 25,000 years since the disappearance of Neanderthal traits from the fossil record. 13,000 years since the disappearance of Homo floresiensis from the fossil record. Conclusion The characteristics of the four components (atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and geosphere) of the Earth system have been summarized by discussing each of their composition and evolution history. The four spheres are linked to and interact with each other to sustain the Earth. The planet Earth has a history of 4.6 billion years. Lots of things have been changed and evolved since its formation. The evolution is going to continue. Landuyt,William, I.,II. (2009). The generation of plate tectonics on a planet. Yale University). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, , 195. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/305041644?accountid=14548. (305041644)) Axel Bronstert, Jesus Carrera, Pavel Kabat, Sabine Lutkemeier.(2005).Coupled Models for the Hydrological: CycleIntegrating Atmosphere, Biosphere, and Pedosphere. Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Othello’s Physical and Psychological Journeys :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Othello’s Physical and Psychological Journeys  Ã‚   Othello is the tragedy, and, incidentally, the name of a Moor who serves as a general in the Italian military. He spends the first act of Shakespeare’s play in Venice, but is ordered shortly to Cyprus to fight the Turkish invasion. His journey isn’t officially noticeable at all in the play. One moment he’s defending himself in the Senate of Venice, the next he’s in Cyprus, taking credit for being victorious in a battle the storms fought for him against the Turks. The story unravels from there. His soon-to-be-lieutenant, Iago, whispers in his ear about his wife, Desdemona, and the unforgivable crime of adultery, throwing Othello’s orderly world to the winds of fate. ......Still, if the starting point and destination of Othello’s initial journey were to be compared to Othello’s psychological journey throughout the play (and, more importantly, the development of his relationship with the villain, Iago), they are found to be startlingly similar. Whether Shakespeare intended the parallel or not, and there isn’t really any sure way to tell, the coincidence is great. ......Venice, where the story starts, is a place of order, rich and wonderful. Likewise, Othello’s relationship with Iago is shown by the third scene of Act One to be, on the surface, based on honesty, respect, and admiration. He says, as he prepares to lead the ships to war: â€Å"honest Iago, my Desdemona must I leave to thee.† (1.3.336) While it may seem naà ¯ve for Othello to do such a thing when trouble is obviously brewing and the sense of foreshadowing is nearly tangible, the reader must keep in mind that Venice is an orderly, respected city and the General’s relationship with Iago can be summed up neatly in one sentence spoken by Brabantio: ......â€Å"This is Venice. My house is not a grange.† (1.1.119) ......But while Venice is certainly not a grange, there is plenty going on behind the scenes. One could even argue that Iago’s first scene when he incites Desdemona’s father to go and take revenge on Othello by using racist and bestial slurs is very similar to the first talks of war in the Senate and the general being told he must leave his homeland to defend Cyprus from the Turks. ......â€Å"An old black ram is tupping your white ewe,† (1.1.98) Iago shouts to Brabantio, at the same moment that Othello is being informed of his new assignment.

Is College Education Worth It

Is College Education Worth It? Hailey Mulligan October 24, 2012 Organization Communication MG320 Is College Education Worth It? Getting a â€Å"good† job is not straightforward as it used to be. In past generations, someone in an entry-level position could work their way up the ladder simply through hard work and determination; whether or not one had credentials or a diploma mattered very little. This is not the case today. Higher education is now critical to obtaining a better job because the demand for skilled labor is rising.For this reason, the value that a degree offers is higher than that of one’s actual intelligence or merit. Furthermore, workers without college degrees will quickly be outpaced in position and salary by degree holders. Earning a college degree is no longer simply an option for potential job seekers, but a necessity for those wishing to advance in their careers. With the cost of postsecondary education rising in leaps and bounds, potential student s may wonder if the college education system is still worth investing in.Niall Ferguson (2012) states that at a sample of public colleges, average tuition and fees for in-state residents have risen by 25 percent since 2008; for private schools, these tuition and fees rose by 13 percent (p. 20). Similarly, over half (56 percent) of students are enrolled at four year schools with tuitions and fees of up to $9,000 a year with high-ranking institutions reporting costs upwards of $40,000 annually (Walker, 2010, p. 28). Although this cost has been offset for many students by the increase in government funding for education in the form of grants and entitlements, postsecondary expenses can be daunting.Yet, findings discussed later in this report reveal the vital importance of a college degree, not only in short-term job hunts but as a long-term investment over one’s lifetime. First, the demand for skilled labor has risen in America. According to Bound and Turner (2010), â€Å"colle giate attainment has not kept pace with increases in the demand for skilled workers in the United States† (p. 7). Although there has been a significant increase in the number of college attendees, the number of students actually completing a college degree has not increased proportionately (p. 7).One possible argument for the rising demand of college graduates is the reduction of blue-collar jobs as this nation moves into a technology and information-based economic market (Carnevalle, 2006, p. 90). Bankston (2011) says this trend might be consistent with the argument that advances in technology have created a rising demand for advanced credentials (p. 337). Other authors cite examples of how â€Å"a new technology may require that people have a degree to provide a product or service for which a degree was unnecessary ten years ago† (Whitaker and Zenker, 2011, p. 21).Others argue, however, that demand for jobs that require a college degree is simply a self-perpetuating r esult of the increase in college graduates. In 1940, barely five percent of American’s held a college degree; by 2008 that number had risen to 30 percent (Bankston, 2011, p. 326). One author credits the rise of degree requirements to the growth of government subsidies in the market of postsecondary education (Bankston, 2011, p. 336). As the government gives more money in the form of Pell grants (which has now been deemed an entitlement), more students attend college and obtain degrees.Bankston reasons that â€Å"one would expect that as credentials flood the market, they will purchase fewer opportunities† (p. 336). Over time this may mean that the value of a college degree may diminish and the gap in income and job opportunities between graduates and non-graduates will decrease. (p. 336). It may also mean that having only a bachelor’s degree will not be enough to secure a comfortable career. Debra Stewart, president of the Council of Graduate Schools, claims tha t â€Å"over the course of a lifetime, people with master's degrees earn 18 percent more than those with baccalaureate degrees† (Loftus, 2012, p. 3). For now though, the rise of credentialed job seekers has led to the thought that higher education is an expectation for everyone.Because having a degree has become so common, employers now use it as a way to eliminate people who would not make good candidates for employment—even if a degree isn’t a totally accurate determinant of one’s talent or work skills. The mass availability of college education may actually â€Å"debase its intrinsic value† (Bankston, p. 338). Although someone without a degree may have more natural intelligence and ability than their credentialed ounterpart, a degree is now worth more than actual capability in the job market. Bankston writes that â€Å"the popular emphasis placed on higher education in a society in which higher education has become a broad expectation has heigh tened the importance of credentials as an asset for obtaining a job at the expense of other assets, such as demonstrated ability or experience in a field† (p. 337). A degree provides a form of merit that employers look for immediately because the degree marks the individual as someone who can supposedly meet deadlines, fulfill obligations, and think critically.Margolis (2007) remarks how â€Å"it was the common practice of my colleagues to immediately sift out the [resumes] that didn’t have a degree and just throw them away† (p. 42). Because many employers are searching through high volumes of resumes, they don’t have time to thoroughly look at every single one; they speed up the process by simply filtering out non-graduates. This point is exemplified further in the case of Marilee Jones. The former dean of admissions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M. I. T. ) quickly resigned after it was discovered she did not actually have the credentials listed on her resume (Kinsley, 2007).Even though she started as a clerical worker and advanced in position over 28 years to become the dean at this prestigious school, her talent and loyalty meant nothing once her padded resume was revealed (Kinsley, 2007). She simply lacked the paper qualifications M. I. T. based itself upon. Although these qualifications are all â€Å"artificial substitutes for real merit, sometimes the artificial substitute is unavoidable† (p. 34). The substitutes are unavoidable when employers, like colleges, do not have the time or ability to gather all the information necessary to determine who will be a successful employee.Even though Ms. Jones â€Å"demonstrated real merit† (p. 34), her paper merit—or lack thereof—ultimately determined her fate at M. I. T. A college degree stands in the place of ability when ability cannot be measured in a concrete way. Not only can the absence of a college degree inhibit one’s ability to o btain a job, it can also hinder one’s likelihood of advancement in a career. A degree increases one’s â€Å"marketability and maneuverability—without a degree, you’re flying by the seat of your pants† (Kinsley, 2007). Although one might find a job without a degree (based on connections, etc. , the degree provides a cushion. If this job were to be lost, a new job could readily be found because of one’s credentials. Furthermore, non-graduates â€Å"cap out† in their careers sooner than graduates. Kinsley notes that â€Å"you hit that ceiling where a high school diploma only gets you so far in a salary range† (p. 34). Bankston also documents the increasing gap since the 1950s in median wage incomes of Americans with and without college degrees (p. 337). The wage premium of a college degree over a high school diplomas increased by 83% since 1979 (Carnevale, 2006, p. 90).Non-graduates have less bargaining power in their positions be cause they are less valuable to their employer and may therefore be unable to take advantage of an increase in earnings or benefits (Kinsley, 2007). So stringent have the qualifications for employment become—arbitrarily or otherwise—that sometimes just having a diploma isn’t even enough. For example, employers are still wary about the quality of online degrees. Lynn Gresham (2008) notes a survey conducted by Vault. com that revealed â€Å"nearly two-thirds (63%) [of employers] still said that they would favor job candidates with degrees from traditional colleges† (p. 4). One hiring manager said they didn’t believe online degrees â€Å"reflect a serious commitment to education† (p. 24). Currently the perceived value of an online degree is less than that of degrees obtained from brick-and-mortar institutions. However, as more job candidates complete degrees online, employers’ views on their validity are slowing changing. For some, the c ompletion of an online degree shows that â€Å"the person is highly self-motivated to learn new skills and acquire knowledge through rigorous self-study methods† (p. 27). Today, the average American changes jobs eleven times during their adult life (U.S. Department of Labor: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012). For this reason, a person without a college degree would be devastatingly ill-equipped to survive in today’s job market because they lack the flexibility to move to new careers. In 2010, non-graduate workers experienced 10. 4 percent unemployment, while workers with at least a bachelor’s degree were only unemployed at 4. 7 percent (Whitaker and Zenker, 2011, p. 21-22). Employers still look to see if a job candidate has a degree, even if they exemplify significant intelligence.Doors of opportunity that remain open to degree holders will be closed for non-graduates and the ladder of advancement will only reach so high. Diplomas are a form of meritocracy neces sary in America, even if only arbitrarily. While the intrinsic value of a college education may be disappearing because of its mass production, its extrinsic value remains true. Despite its high costs, college is still one of the best investments a person can make in today’s highly competitive job market. Financially and opportunity-wise, obtaining a college education is still worth it.

Attention Video Games

Attention Video Games Video game playing has consequences on motor and perception skills of gamers. The consequences ultimately alter their visual attention abilities in terms of attention with regard to space, objects, or time compared to non-gamers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Attention: Video Games specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article, â€Å"Action video game modifies visual selective attention† by Green and Bavelier demonstrates that perceptual learning results to improvement in given performance. Specifically, the article considers the consequences of action video game playing on visual attention skills. Using a set of four experiments, the authors sought to test the hypothesis that video game playing enhances the visual attention abilities of players. Additionally, in their fifth experiment, non-gamers trained on action video game showed a significant improvement in visual attention abilities (Green, Bavelier, 20 03, p. 534). The first experiment involved a flanker compatibility effects tests that encompassed the use of enumeration tasks. In the experiments, Video game players (VGPs) were able to identify more items than the non-video game players (NVGPs) did. This indicates that VGPs have a higher capacity to attend to more items at once compared to NVGPs. Additionally, in experiment two, the compatibility effects among VGPs was high compared to NVGPs even at high levels of task difficulty, which is an indication of greater visual attention skills among VGPs (p 0.01) (Green, Bavelier, 2003, p. 536). From these results, the authors conclude that habitual video game playing increases visual attention within the scope of video game playing. The VGPs also showed a consistent overall distracter effect at all levels of task difficulty, which indicate the high attention capacity among VGPs compared to NVGPs. The third experiment involved comparing the spatial attention abilities in VGPs with NVGP s with regard to three different locations. Overall, the VGPs performed better in the three different locations compared to the NVGPs. This implies that the VGPs have a higher ability to locate items even in cases of many distracters (Green, Bavelier, 2003, p. 536).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The results indicate a high spatial attention, even at a high number of distracters, for VGPs. Furthermore, the authors, in their fourth experiment, examined the VGPs attention over time compared to NVGPs. Overall, in all tasks such attention blink tests, the VGPs performed better than the NVGPs. The fifth experiment involved comparing pre and post training performance with regard to visual acuity or field of view, attention-blink and enumeration tasks for all subjects (Green, Bavelier, 2003, p. 537). Overall, improved performance was seen for all subjects after training. From t hese findings, the authors conclude that video game playing, which allows players to juggle multiple tasks, results to improvement in attention resources. In contrast, a related article, ‘Effect of Action Video Games on Spatial Distribution of Visuospatial Attention’, by Green and Bavelier specifically examines the effects of video game playing on spatial attention. The authors attempt to separate central attention from peripheral attention resources using a flanker compatibility effect in VGPs and NVGPs (Green, Bavelier, 2006, p. 1466). The first experiment involved a perpetual load paradigm in order to establish the spatial attention resources for both VGPs and NVGPs. The authors established that distracting items affect VGPs at a higher perpetual load compared to NVGP. This indicates that the VGPs have greater attention resources than NVGPs. The second experiment involved UFOV (Useful Field of View) task paradigm using three different target eccentricities to measur e the distribution of visual attention. The target localization in VGPs was high than NVGPs implying an enhanced spatial attention for both central and peripheral locations among VGPs (Green, Bavelier, 2006, p. 1465). The third experiment involved a training study, whereby VGPs were found to have improved performance on UFOV tasks and improvements in eye-hand coordination after training.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Attention: Video Games specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, video game playing improves visual-motor coordination. From the results of the three experiments, the authors conclude that action video playing results to improvement in visual-spatial attention for VGPs and trained NVGPs (Green, Bavelier, 2006, p. 1476). Significance of the Studies Visual attention involves a combination of mechanisms that allow the selective use of relevant information while at the simultaneously suppressing irrelevant information. This allows an individual to perceive many objects or visual information. The studies indicate that habitual video game players outperform non-video game players with regard to spatial attention and attention over time and involving many objects (Green, Bavelier, 2006, p. 1471). Additionally, the articles have established similar trends following training of NVGPs groups using training studies. This implies that training gives non-gamers experience, which results to improvement in attention. Furthermore, the articles establish that different sets of video games produce contrasting effects on attention. In particular, action-video game playing that involves multiple visual-motor tasks, is fast-paced and involves tasks that divide attention has the greatest effects on attention. Central to action video game-related increased performance in attention is the improvements in coordination of visual-motor activity (Green, Bavelier, 2003, p. 432). The implications of enhance ment in attention have many real-world applications especially in specialty areas that need high attention. In particular, training of the work force to achieve high productivity, improvements in education performance and clinical rehabilitation of patients are some of the applications of attention enhancing video game playing. Social and Cultural Implications of Video game playing Given that the benefits of video game playing are many, the gaming industry is developing game products for educational purposes. The products create a gaming environment that foster reading and attentive skills among high school students (Jonassen, Land, 2000, p. 127).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, gaming simulations developed in action video games are useful educational materials for training new soldier recruits such as the American Army. Action video games for this purpose have specially incorporated elements creating a virtual war environment to enhance visual-motor coordination. Video game playing serves as motivational tools for employees at the workplace especially younger employees. Most companies have deployed video games in the workplace to boost performance, reduce absenteeism rates and increase morale among employees. The video games enhance attention, which is essential for successful completion of any assigned task. Video games have also been used to enhance cultural competence (Jonassen, Land, 2000, p. 132). This involves instilling strong language skills, cross-cultural skills such as cultural awareness and sensitivity. 3-D simulations of social and cultural interactions are used to advance the cross-cultural skills among the youth. The simulatio ns rely on artificial intelligence that allows learners to learn or try foreign real-life cultural practices in the expected social and cultural contexts. Additionally, this helps in developing strong business relationships involving partnerships from many cultures globally. Video gaming is also an essential business-training tool to enable business executive to learn valuable leadership skills as well as strategic decision-making skills through simulations (Jonassen, Land, 2000, p. 129). Additionally, the video games give real-life economic indicators for decision making by business executives. In medical areas, video gaming, besides being a source of entertainment, has therapeutic effects for patients, especially hospitalized children. Although visual attention has been adopted in creating gaming environment in training and health settings, I believe that research on visual attention should involve a 3D gaming environment. Previous research involves experiments that use purely 2D objects. The 3D video games incorporate complex 3D objects and characters that interact in a 3D space that is remarkably different from the experiments employed in the previous research. I recommend that 3D experiments be used to future visual attention research and relate the results with the game environment. Reference List Green, S., Bavelier, D. (2003). Action video game modifies visual selective attention.  Nature, 423, 534-537. Green, S., Bavelier, D. (2006). Effect of Action Video Games on the Spatial Distribution of Visuaospatial Attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32(6), 1465-1478. Jonassen, D., Land, S. (2000). The theoretical foundations of learning environment. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Community Health Issues Essays

Community Health Issues Essays Community Health Issues Essay Community Health Issues Essay Community Health Issues A Brief Synopsis: What’s Eating Gilbert Grape   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"What’s Eating Gilbert Grape† is a film directed by Lasse Haltstrom, released in 1993 by JM Entertainment. (IMDB, 2009) This film, starred in by Johnny Depp who played the lead role of Gilbert Grape tackles the kind of a dysfunctional community that suffers from broken down foundations impeding societal advancement and development. Some of the issues presented in the film delve into the issues that the community health practice should be concerned with, particularly the issues of obesity and mental retardation. This establishes the relevance of these issues to community health nursing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Gilbert Grape lives in Endora, a small town in the state of Iowa, with his family. Gilbert’s mother is obese weighing almost 500 lbs. Worsening her situation is the kind of lifestyle that she leads – that is, she enjoys staying home and watching the television. In addition, her behavior towards her life seems to be unenthusiastic caused by depression and aggravated by how the people in the community regard her as a person with weight problems. Gilbert’s brother, Arnie, is suffering from a mental disorder. Due to Arnie’s condition, he is sometimes uncontrollable and difficult to manage, particularly in containing his destructive behavior. Since his mother is unable to care for her children, Gilbert has taken the responsibility of looking after the Grape family neglecting his life in the process. (Blomquist Hallstrom, 1993)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The primary theme of the story is centered on the daily struggles of Gilbert as he takes on the responsibility of keeping together a family that is falling apart because of troubles that seem to be irresolvable. The inner conflicts that Gilbert’s mother has to deal with because of depression due to his husband’s death through suicide, and the difficulties in caring for his brother with mental retardation were both problems that Gilbert is forced to see through everyday of his life. (Blomquist Hallstrom, 1993) Gilbert’s life seem to be similar to living in a nightmare every single day with problems troubling you endlessly and never finding any solutions to make his life and his family’s any better. However, when Becky came along, a role played by Juliet Lewis, Gilbert was able to find hope in acceptance, redemption, and moving ahead, as her eccentric and energetic personality has influenced Gilbert to look at li fe differently. Community Health Issues   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The community health issues that are visible in the film include one of the health problems that the country is faced with – that is obesity – and the challenges of mental health problems especially in areas wherein access to mental health services are limited. In the case of Bonnie Grape, Gilbert’s mother, her issue with weight has something to do with depression caused by the death of his husband years back. It may be assumed that Bonnie preferred to stay home, never aware of the implications of lack in physical activity, that led her to become morbidly obese. Aggravating this societal issue was how the community in Endora regards people with problems of obesity. Instead of taking part in resolving the health issue at hand, the people in the community have worsened the problem by discouraging social interaction that might help in allowing Bonnie to seek help from health professionals regarding her condition. In addit ion, other factors that have contributed to Bonnie’s condition is the lack of information regarding the causes and implications of obesity and the Grape family’s socio-economic status which limits their capacity to seek for professional medical help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another community health issue integrated within the film is the appropriate treatment of people with mental disabilities. Arnie was mentally retarded living in a family setting wherein the people around him are now knowledgeable in handling the challenges that his condition might pose. Arnie’s observable behaviors that mark his disabilities include problems with his speech, troublesome behavior that is difficult to control despite his family’s efforts, poor intellectual capabilities, and inferior skills in human interaction. Arnie’s troublesome behavior instantly concludes that there is a need for him and his family to seek professional medical attention in order to determine how to handle challenges of mental retardation as Arnie’s family, and to identify the best way to help Arnie out in terms of health care and developmental needs. Other reasons that have caused the worsened situation of Arnie and his family also include his family’s lack of knowledge regarding mental retardation and their socio-economic status. The Situations’ Impact on the Nursing Practice   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The community health issues aforementioned calls the immediate attention of the nursing practice in addressing the problems since they are not only issues that the health care community is concerned with, but also the society since the quality of life is affected by these issues. For instance, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention or CDC, their records obtained from surveying the issue of obesity in all states from 1985 until 2007 have revealed that the rate of obesity in the country has increased considerably. (CDC, 2007) The problem of obesity is identified to be caused by increased calorie intake but with low physical activity. Aside from natural factors that contribute to body weight such as genetics and heredity, and the rate of metabolism, the behavior of an individual towards health, the kind of environment that he lives in, his cultural beliefs or practices, and his socio-economic situations dictates how he sta ys healthy in terms of weight or unhealthy due to being overweight or obese. However, CDC stresses that behavior and the environment play a vital role in influencing the health of an individual under the conditions of obesity. (CDC, 2009)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This means that Bonnie’s situation could have been prevented or lessened had she been concerned with her health and had the community helped her resolve her weight problems. In the case of mental retardation, the CDC reiterates that individuals with this kind of condition need long-term professional care. CDC believes that subjecting individuals with mental retardation to long-term health care will help them lead healthy and productive lives. (CDC, 2005) This means that Arnie leads a life that is unsuited to his condition, requiring him to undergo long-term professional care services.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Community health nursing may intervene in resolving these problems by carrying out its primary roles and responsibility to the community as a whole. The role of public health nursing is centered on resolving health issues through prevention strategies or techniques that helps out the community as a whole, and not in individual terms. Public health nurses are expected to immerse themselves in communities and help families alleviate their health situations and prevent their contraction of serious illnesses and diseases such as obesity and handle health problems including mental retardation in the family through the transfer of knowledge about health care and nutrition to families within the community, including the implications of obesity and the proper way to deal with individuals with mental retardation. In addition, public health nurses are also expected to focus on other institutions in the community that might help in the process. For i nstance, public health nurses should go to schools within the community to inform them of the need to include issues about obesity in their educational programs for the purpose of educating the children and preventing obesity. Other options include asking fast foods, restaurants, or grocery stores within the community to become conscious in their roles in preventing obesity through food and nutrition awareness. Overall, community health nursing is guided by concepts and principles that enable it to handle social issues on a wider scale efficiently. (Manitoba Health, 2008) References Blomquist, A. C. Hallstrom, L. (1993). What’s Eating Gilbert Grape. United States:   Ã‚  Ã‚   JM Entertainment. CDC. (2005). Intellectual Disability. Retrieved February 10, 2009, from Center for   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disease Control and Prevention. Website:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   cdc.gov/ncbddd/dd/ddmr.htm CDC. (2007). U.S. Obesity Trends 1985-2007. Retrieved February 10, 2009, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Website:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/trend/maps/ CDC. (2009). Obesity and Overweight. Retrieved February 10, 2009, from Center for    Disease Control and Prevention. Website:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/contributing_factors.htm IMDB. (2009). What’s Eating Gilbert Grape (1993). Retrieved February 10, 2009,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from The Internet Movie Database. Website:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   imdb.com/title/tt0108550/ Manitoba Health. (2008). The Role of the Public Health Nurse within the Regional   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Health Authority. Retrieved February 10, 2009, from Manitoba Health.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Website: gov.mb.ca/health/rha/docs/rolerha.pdf

Poetry explication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Poetry explication - Essay Example The speaker is lying alone on her bed, at midnight. She couldn’t sleep and she listens to the sound of the rain tapping on the window glass. She remembers her past loves and realizes that they aren’t really very significant as she doesn’t even remember the names of her past lovers. The feelings that she remembers are very generic and simple (as opposed to special). She compares herself to a â€Å"lonely tree† (9) during the winter time and contrasts summer in the next two lines. The message in the last two lines are quite sad (and lonely of course, as she is alone) because it echoes the fact that â€Å"summer sang† (13) and â€Å"sings no more† (14). There is sureness in the fact that something will not happen again; that something has ended. The poem pictures a lonely person trying to introspect into her love life. Trying to remember loves and loves lost; trying to evaluate if they were all worth it. Apparently there were a lot of lovers because she has forgotten the people, â€Å"the arms that lain under my head† (2) and the â€Å"lips my lips have kissed† (1), that she has experienced. That these are the â€Å"unremembered lads that not again will turn† (7) and that they will never happen again because that season of her life has ended, when she compared herself to a lonely tree in winter. The loneliness and sadness is very evident in the poem as it portrays a woman alone in bed in a dark, rainy and cold night, realizing that the past loves of her were shallow; probably thinking that all of those experiences are worthless as none of them were special. The last line of the poem, though, can be a bit vague in a sense that she compared herself to a tree in winter. Winter. Winter is a part of a season, and in this poem, the seasons is a metaphor for life. It is told that in life there is always a season for everything; that there is a time for everything. Now it’s also known that the seasons come and go. Now she is at the winter part of

Developing Successful Business Teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Developing Successful Business Teams - Essay Example Characteristics of team and its contribution to the overall success of the organisation: Team can be defined as a group of people working together to achieve a common target for the welfare of the organisation. However, Dackert, et al. (2010) cited that in a team, the members complement the strengths and weakness of each other. The characteristics of an ideal team such as in Apple Inc., has been mentioned as under: A team leader: Each of the team operates under a team leader. Team leader directs the right path and motivates the members to achieve the targets. The success of effective teamwork in Apple Inc. depends primarily on the leadership quality of Steve Jobs. A common goal: Each of the team members’ work to meet a common short term and long term objectives that improves the business performance of the company. In Apple Inc., the staff are dedicated to provide unique and innovative technical solutions to the customers. Communication : An effective team work includes free communication among the team members. In Apple Inc., the employees can share the feelings and ideas with each other. Moreover, the staff of Apple Inc .are also allowed having an open communication with the leaders. Measurement of team performance: The teamwork of a particular department is being measured by the managers at a regular interval of time. In the company, the managers conduct a team meeting in every month with the team members to discuss the progress of the ongoing project.

Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Taxation - Essay Example However, this can only be possible if the public participate in funding the state in order to purchase necessary weapons and also employ the disciplinary forces. The benefit enjoyed by the public in terms of services due to their tax contribution is immeasurable. It is; therefore, appropriate to suggest that Chancellor Osborne is right when he relays the state’s perceptive of tax evasion. The Shaban Mahamood of Shadow exchequer secretary, comments on the state of living being higher than the standard expectation. From his comments, it is clear that, Shaban expects the state to make the cost of living to that level where each of the citizens living United Kingdom can afford. He has held the state at ransom for not playing its role in reducing the cost of living to its general public. Shaban’s comments clearly indicate that the state then has all the rights to demand and even place criminal charges to people evading taxation. The reason behind the support of the state is that, it will only be in a position to provide the so said services if the public plays its rightful role of paying taxes (Davidson 2011). offshore has been compared to a criminal act. The state has even gone further to formulate policies that strengths the taxman. In addition, the people who willingly provide the state with information regarding the evasion of tax by others will be rewarded heftily. As though this is not enough, the UK state has promised to cooperate with the rest of countries that are fighting tax evasion. In the new criminal act targeting the tax evaders, the state has included harsher punishment, longer jail terms and double payment of the evaded taxes. Furthermore, the state continues to quote the amount of recovered taxes in the past two state budget years. As was of rubberstamping the essence of paying taxes, the politician has also used the issue in their campaigns. It is clear from

Identify Leadership Style Essay Example for Free

Identify Leadership Style Essay As a leader, it sometimes takes a step back to look at oneself to realize what type of leader you are to understand your strengths and weaknesses, so you can lead an effective team to success. After lots of leadership quizs and readings, my leadership style is participative (Democratic) with an emphasis on the consensus view. â€Å"A participative leader seeks to involve other people in the process, possibly including subordinates, peers, superiors and other stakeholders. Often, however, as it is within the managers whim to give or deny control to his or her subordinates, most participative activity is within the immediate team (Tannenbaum and Schmitt, 1958). † Some of the characteristics of the participative leader and that of myself are: creating an atmosphere were creativity is wanted and rewarded, engaging in the group decision making process and while keeping the final say over decisions, allowing members to share ideas and thoughts. A1a: Two Strengths Using the participative leadership style gives me the most advantages when working and making decisions in a group. The main two strengths of my leadership style (participative) is: Empowerment and Better Team Decisions.  Empowerment: as defined by Dictionary.com, â€Å"v.to give power or authority; to authorize, especially by official means. To enable or permit (Dictionary.com, 2014).† How does it feel when you feel like you have a say in a group or team? You feel valued. I enjoy allowing my team to feel valued and employ their decisions to make for the best decision possible. The feeling that group members get from participating makes the final decision accepted much more. Personally, when team members have input in the final goal, they feel responsible and take it much more seriously. Better Team Decisions: Since I dont know all the answers, isnt it better crucial to have lots of people helping find the answers. In my leadership style, since we have lots of people brain-storming on ideas, it makes for better team decisions. When a tough decision is ahead, its critical to have others helping make decisions. Employees input is invaluable in a group participating setting. When I allow others to help make decisions, the quality of those decisions will only increase. A1b: Two Weaknesses With this effective leadership style brings some cons. One of the cons of this style of leadership is time restrictions. When the team is liberated into making decisions, it takes awhile to come to great group decision. This type of leadership allows lots of discussions and hearing everyones opinions, which in-turn slows down the whole process. This style is a slower process, but the pro of making the best decision outweighs the con. The second con for this leadership style is that there can usually only be one decision and we as a team/group can not use everyones opinion or decision. This can cause some team members to become upset or heated, but can be avoided with a good leader leading the discussions. When allowing this style to be in a group, the group must come to a consensus in agreeing on the best decision and all parties must agree with whatever outcome is chosen. A2: Compare against two other styles Lets look at two other leadership styles and compare them to the participative leadership style. Authoritative (autocratic) which is a style that has clear expectations and usually makes decisions with little input from the team/group. In this style, the group makes fast decisions and the leader is usually the most knowledgeable team-member in the group Some similarities are that when the  team is in a bind or time is no longer of essence, the team leader must make an autocratic decision for the betterment of the group. The contributions of the team will be much lower than that of my participative style. Delegative (Laissez-Faire) is the opposite of the autocratic style in that there is little or no team guidance and the team is left to make all the decisions. This style is the least productive style because it offers no structure. The group is more likely to demand a lot from the leader and usually will not work independently. This style is used when all team members are over-qualified in the area of expertise, but also leads to lack of motivation for the group. The participating leadership style that I am apart of uses both the autocratic and the delegative style aspects to achieve maximum group potential. Participative leadership is concerned about the group and that the group has input. A3: Understanding to be more effective To be a leader you must have a mix of skills, behaviors, value sets and knowledge. To be a more effective leader one must understand their abilities and understand others and their strengths/weaknesses. This understanding includes an apprehension for other leadership styles. An impelling leader, understanding certain situations and leadership styles, can carry out different styles to lead different groups and teams of people. A great leader will supply assistance and encouragement to a group based on its needs and maintain the group by using its knowledge of different leadership styles. An effective leader can not accomplish success exclusive of a team. Those teams will consist of lots of team members and different leaders. An effective leader will be able to understand other leadership styles to support and assist those leaders. â€Å"The advantage to understanding your leadership style is that you understand your strengths and weaknesses. You can be proactive and more effective as a leader by strategically using your strengths and counteracting your weaker areas. Your style defines your values and perspective, and being aware of it will aid your communication those you work with. As the saying goes, knowledge is power. You can empower yourself and move forward in your career or interest by exercising this knowledge (Raines, 2011).† When knowing yourself and your leadership style it helps you in the workplace. Knowing your work environment and workplace challenges helps to address appropriate solutions using your leadership style. By knowing your style and the areas around you, it helps you make sound strategies for solutions to the problems and you can succeed by steering the strengths of the leadership way. Being a leader means that you must be able to know your strengths and weaknesses and the situations of the group and when to incorporate your style into the situation. Leadership is not a thing that fits all situations. The more leadership styles you are accustomed to, the more negotiable you will be able to be in the group. A4: Two problems in workplace due to different leadership Problem 1: An employee is always late for workplace. The schedule that the employee is on is one of rotating shifts (day and night). This involves different managers with different leadership styles. These different leadership styles has allowed this employee to continue its bad behaviors and continue to be late. Problem 2: Personality Clash. Your style is to talk out problems and solutions (democratic leadership style) while a manager you work with is direct and to the point (autocratic style), and doesnt want to hear about the solutions but just wants the problems fixed. â€Å"Spray gun in tablet bed has stopped working, most of the team wants to find root cause, but one of the managers wants a solution now and doesnt want to understand what caused  the problem.† A4a: Two ways to overcome each problem Problem 1: Late employee. The employee that is late knows that if LF (Laissez-Faire) manager is working that he allows an unstructured work environment. In other words, see nothing, hear nothing, speak nothing and all is correct in the work place. He has unclear expectations for this late employee and is more of people pleas-er that tackling the problem. This manager is fine if the employee is late as long as it does not effect production. This leadership style also allows him to play favorites. He has different rules for different people. As long as production is not affected, whats to bother? If AA (Autocratic) is manager, this employee knows that she can not be late to work, as is not for fear of consequences of her actions. They know that action will be taken against them if they are late. This causes a trickle down effect for employees, and their team morale. Since not all leadership team-members are on the same plane, things like this are always happening. We must fix this problem, before it gets out of hand. Fix. LF manager should first follow the rules and make the employee accountable for her actions. If that employee is late, they should have consequences like everyone else. If that does not work, then managers of this team should be aware of all times that employees are arriving and leaving work. During a monthly meeting, management could review all badge in/outs to make sure times are consistent with when employees are arriving and leaving. At these meetings, employees are questioned and held accountable for their tardiness. If this is not a viable option, management should have one manager that is responsible for all tardies/lates to work. This would be a dedicated job for the manager and take the responsibility off of the other managers and  help alleviate the leadership style differences between managers. Another quick fixer, would be to discuss this problem with LF manager and hold him accountable for allowing the employee to get away with tardies/lates. This one on one meeting would help to show him that there are consequences to his actions and that all employees need to be accountable for their actions. Problem 2: Spray gun. One way to fix this problem is to invite and have the said manager attend and hold discussions within the group to help him see that not all problems have immediate solutions. Allowing him on the team, helps him develop his leadership style and see there is not one leadership style that encompasses all problems. The leader must find it valuable for them to be on the team and to give input. Showing them that they are valued goes a long way to helping them develop as great leaders. Have a one on one with the manager to discuss reasons for and against having this meeting. If both parties that are having trouble understanding meet, then they are more apt to understand where each other is coming from. If this doesnt work, we can always call an upper level management manager to help diffuse the situation. Another solution would be coaching. Maybe this manager/leader is insecure/uncertain about work environment or doesnt want to make decisions because its not my job. Maybe this manager lacks creativity or innovation. Whatever the issue that they are dealing with, a great effective synergistic leader would see this as an opportunistic time to coach the manager in these areas to help alleviate stress, uncertainty and encourage teamwork, trust, expectations and cohesion amongst teams. A5a: Three advantages that increase productivity on these advantages â€Å"Taking a team from ordinary to extraordinary means understanding and  embracing the differences (Bennicasa, 2012).† The joint vision enables all groups to have meaningful communications—business synergy. Lets take a company that is going through a major brand transformation. The reasons not to change are abundant. The company was reaching goals and employee satisfaction was high. The company would lose brand identification through the proposed changes from upper management. The company would be dysfunctional because the whole team was not on board for the transformation. The change was a challenge from all parties involved. The bottom line came when management and the team members realized that those concerns did not compare to the importance of providing the best product and customer service to the customers. The shared vision had to be recognized from all that was serving through the transformation. The important factor was understanding that it was not about us anymore, but about the companys greater good and we had to embrace it. Meetings were held, discussions were had about working together, being a better team, how to better serve our customers, and enabling team diversity. We had to see the team synergy to be able to grow and become a better productive team. New logos and mottos and so forth did not create team synergy, but leadership had to add value to the team and show all the team members that they were required to make a better team—that is business leadership synergy. Once team synergy was found, this allowed the team members to be accountable for their actions and this included the quality of the new products. In return, this created a better product for the customer. A second advantage of having a synergy leadership style could be used when different team members are not included in a process that affects them. When a team of engineers and managers are designing a new stream line approach to the production floor to help move along the packaging process of â€Å"MMs†. A synergy leadership approach to the stream line approach would be  to include the actual workers from the packaging floor. These employees would be able to discuss best practices for help in designing the new approach. This would speed up the meeting process and would speed up implementation of new processes because the packaging team members would be included in the process. Including these team members would allow for less trial and error and more time being productive in having the new packaging approach in a workable state. Having a synergistic team is just as important than the actual packaging process because it stream lines the meeting, allows team-members to have certain expectations, keeps the meetings focused on the problems and develops and enhances rich collaborative discussions that are now easy to have—business success. The third advantage of leadership synergy would be having all upper management in a participative meeting discussing the new vision for the company. After long discussions the team has selected the vision for the company. The team then selects an authoritative figure to disburse the new vision information to the whole company group—because its not up for debate anymore. Knowing when to use different leadership roles is very important. In this model, a decision that has the absolute consensus of all upper management, will appear when all team-members is seeing the discussion directly through the same glasses – which includes the mission, the vision and the teams goals. Without these glasses, cooperative judgments can be challenging to accomplish. The hard part of making decisions and agreeing upon them in a multi-leadership style team –is that there is no common goal – changes in leadership styles will strangle the discussions, as more thoughts will only add to the difficulty in making a decision. Looking through the same lenses of the glasses permits a variety diversity into the debate and allows the group to succeed. Once we see everything through the same lens, then the upper management group  can be more productive in delivering a vision in a timely manner. This synergy of upper management leaders then starts trickling down to management teams throughout the plant and then onto regular teams and committees in the plant. This trickle down affect makes teams more productive, more efficient by allowing the meetings to flow better and to free up people to not be in meetings (to be on the floor being productive making the products). References Bennicasa, Robyn. (2012) 6 Leadership Styles, and When You Should Use Them. Retrieved from http://www.fastcompany.com/1838481/6-leadership-styles-and when-youshould-use-them. Dictionary.com. 2014. Empowerment Definition. Retrieved from http://dictionary. reference.com/browse_empowerment Raines, Stephanie. 2011. The Advantages of Knowing Your Leadership Style. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-knowing leadership-style18924.html. Tannenbaum, A.S. and Schmitt, W.H. (1958). How to choose a leadership pattern. Harvard Business Review, 36, March-April, 95-101.