Financial Analysis and Management Performance Analysis And Economic A

The Canterbury Tales

There are numerous characters in the sonnet The Canterbury Tales, and some of them are a higher priority than others. The Prioress, The Wife of Bath, and the Pardoner are the absolute most significant characters. They have a few likenesses and a few contrasts, however they all have a reason in the story. The Prioress is a timid, delicate, enthusiastic lady. She goes overboard over any little catastrophe, for example, the demise of a little creature. She is humane and legitimate. The Prioress wears a suggest with the engraving All things are subject unto love. She is stupidly wistful and gives cruel consideration to habits. She battles to be polite and modern however it is all fake. Chaucer depicts her as the picture of supreme magnificence and exemplary nature of the day. She is an honorable woman with a basic and demure grin (91). Her nose was exquisite, her eyes glass-dim, her mouth little, delicate and red, and her temple reasonable of spread (93). She jumps at the chance to eat, and she won't let any piece go immaculate. She communicates in French quite well, has impeccable social graces, and likes being legitimate. The Prioress s conduct is barely religious recluse like, in spite of the fact that it isn't shrewd or precisely defiant. She keeps up a portion of the vainness of her pre-cloister days, however this is on the grounds that she is such an all around reared young ladies. The Wife of Bath is the most flashy of the explorers and she respects herself. She was a stout, intricate, buoyant, intense, healthy, and curvaceous lady. She represents Chaucer s grandma. The Wife of Bath ahs been hitched multiple times and is searching for her next spouse. She is a weaver and makes fine material. She wears splendid red apparel of various varieties, intended to grab the eye of others. The Wife of Bath is obstinate and fiery. She is the most critical of the explorers low on the social scale. Chaucer shows that she is very wanton. The Wife of Bath flaunts her body, principally her legs. She shows her Sunday garments with tremendous pride and makes a point to declare herself arrogantly. She talks about ten of the high ground a lady must keep up in marriage, and cases to know the cures of adoration, or the principles of the game (100). The Wife of Bath seems, by all accounts, to be a controlling spouse, who needs only authority over all men. She is a desirous lady, who wants just a couple of straightforward things throughout everyday life. The Wife of Bath wants the conspicuous throughout everyday life, except what she most wants most importantly is by and large more impressive than her man, her companion, and her sweetheart. The Pardoner is a daringly unscrupulous man. He is incredibly self-hatred yet faithful to his errand of cheating individuals of their cash by causing them to accept that they have trespassed and need to purchase pardons. Chaucer thinks about him to a gelding or a horse (104). Chaucer clarifies that it is hard to discern whether the Pardoner is a man or a lady. He was unable to grow a facial hair, he didn't wear a cap, and his hair was genuinely long. He is a poser. He tells individuals they have trespassed and need to buy an acquittal from him, while the entire time he is erring. He is one of the most exceedingly awful and disrespectable of the considerable number of explorers. He was extremely elegant and in chapel he was an honorable ecclesiast (104). He got a kick out of the chance to sing and he would at times get tips for it so he sang much more. These three characters don't act like they are assume to. The Prioress doesn't keep her vowels of the religious community well, the Wife of Bath doesn't hold her responsibility to her spouses, and the Pardoner doesn't keep his vowel to do equity. They are on the whole narcissistic and wear t care about any other individual. The Wife of Bath and the Pardoner are stressed over having cash and being in charge (power). The Wife of Bath and the Pardoner are malevolent and foul up things. The Prioress and the Wife of Bath both need a man, however the Prioress isn t permitted to have one. The Prioress is calmer than the Wife of Bath and the Pardoner. She additionally is has not done terrible things like the other two have. The Wife of Bath is more controlling than the other two since she needs to be in charge of everything. The Pardoner attempts to get cash out of individuals by deceiving them about their wrongdoings. In spite of the fact that these three characters share a great deal for all intents and purpose, they have contrasts as well. In spite of the fact that they are probably the least in the public eye, they are the absolute most significant characters in this sonnet. The Canterbury Tales This effect of making characters who are unconscious of how they are seen by others is expertly appeared in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. The storyteller of the story sets up that he also will be additionally a character. In his book, despite the fact that he calls himself Chaucer, the peruser ought to be careful to accept his words as his own conclusion. In the Prologue the storyteller delineates himself as a neighborly character, yet then he is accused to be gloomy. Depending on his memory, the storyteller portrays his impressions of different explorers dependent on whether he loves them, and what explicitly he decides to recollect, or not to recall. This strategy is alluded to as a questionable storyteller. On account of the â€Å"Pardoner† Chaucer's storyteller is an entirely temperamental character. Demonstrating this, the Pardoner sings â€Å"Com hider, love, to me! a melody with which is joined by the Summoner, debasing his effectively sketchy righteousness of a man that works with the Church. Introducing himself as a man of questionable sexual nature, the Pardoner further difficulties the social commonality of the Church. The Pardoner additionally takes with him on his excursion to Canterbury the instruments of his exchange, which are objects that are utilized to delude others in to speculation they are worth more than they show up, similar to different pioneers on the outing. The Pardoner discovers that extraordinary relics are esteemed on this journey, and he wishes to make a benefit any way he can by offering materials to different pioneers whether it be bits of paper with vows to excuse their wrongdoings or creature unresolved issues off underhandedness. Besides, the Pardoner lectures a lesson on insatiability that shows his own fraud. The storyteller can't perceive how the Pardoner hoodwinks people around him, and neglects to see who he truly is along these lines demonstrating the peruser how the storyteller of the story can't generally be trusted, however furnishes the peruser with a fascinating point.

Symbyax Medication for Bipolar Disorder

Symbyax Medication for Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Symbyax Medication for Bipolar Disorder Uses, Side Effects, and Research By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Updated on July 11, 2018 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Universal Images Group / Getty Images Symbyax is a combination of olanzapine, the active ingredient in Zyprexa, and fluoxetine, the active ingredient in Prozac. It was the first FDA-approved medication for the depressive episodes that occur in bipolar disorder or bipolar depression. Uses Symbyax is prescribed for the treatment of the depressive phase of bipolar disorder. Virtually all patients with this disorder experience the depressive phase commonly referred to as bipolar depression. Patients with bipolar disorder spend an average of one-third of their lives in the depressive phase of this illness. Symbyax can also now be prescribed for treatment-resistant depression. Common Side Effects Common side effects that may go away with time include: Appetite increaseWeight gainDry mouthDiarrheaLosing or not having strengthSexual difficulties, including decreased interest or inability to orgasmErectile dysfunctionTwitchingJoint swelling, redness or pain If any of these side effects dont go away or cause problems, be sure to tell your doctor. Potentially Serious Side Effects If you have any of the following side effects, its important to contact your doctor right away as you may need medical treatment. These potentially serious side effects include: CongestionRunny noseCoughTingling in your hands or feetDementiaDelusionsBody aches or painGaining weight suddenlyDifficulty swallowingSwelling in your arms, legs, hands, feet, or faceDifficulty breathing or speakingMemory problemsChest tightnessVision changesIrregular heartbeatDizziness Research According to a study done around the time Symbyax was approved by the FDA, Symbyax helped to treat the symptoms of bipolar depression more effectively and at a significantly faster rate than placebo. In the eight-week studies, patients in the Symbyax group experienced significantly greater improvement in depressive symptoms compared with patients taking a placebo. That robust symptom improvement was sustained throughout the entire eight weeks of the study. In addition, Symbyax patients had no statistically greater risk of treatment-emergent mania than patients taking a placebo. A more recent study that looked at a series of other studies regarding Symbyax also showed its continued effectiveness in treating and keeping the depressive episodes of bipolar disorder at bay. The only concern was that the side effects may be worse when using Symbyax than they are with other medications, particularly weight gain. Discuss Your Medical History With Your Doctor If you are considering starting Symbyax, discuss your medical history with your healthcare provider. Be sure to tell your doctor if any of the following apply: You are currently taking any medicationsYou are taking Prozac (fluoxetine) or Zyprexa (olanzapine)You are taking or plan to take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or aspirinYou are pregnant or plan to become pregnantYou are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeedYou are older than 65 and have dementiaYou have high blood sugar, diabetes or a family history of diabetesYou have liver problemsYou have seizuresYou have high or low blood pressureYou have heart problemsYou have had a strokeYou have an enlarged prostateYou have an eye problem called narrow-angle glaucomaYou have a stomach problem called paralytic ileusYou currently smokeYou drink alcoholYou exercise often

Sensible vs. Sensitive How to Choose the Right Word

The adjectives sensible and sensitive evolved from the Latin sÄ“nsus, which means the faculty of perceiving, according to the American Heritage Dictionary. It may be surprising, therefore, that in todays world, they have completely different meanings. Whereas sensible means practical or levelheaded, sensitive means reactive or extremely aware. An archaic meaning of sensible, however, is much closer to the contemporary meaning of sensitive. How to Use Sensitive The most common definitions  of the adjective sensitive are: easily hurt or offended, highly perceptive, quick to respond to slight changes or differences, and concerned with secret or delicate matters. A person can also be sensitive to heat, cold, certain foods, or even emotions, for example. While all of these definitions refer to the human quality of being sensitive, it is also possible for other animals, plants, processes, and events to be sensitive. For example, a sensitive test for cancer can discover cancer cells even if there are very few or they are difficult to detect. A sensitive situation can describe an interaction that has the potential to become explosive. In rarer situations, the word sensitive is also used as a noun. When thats the case, it means a person who is likely to sense the presence of spirit influences. Sometimes a sensitive is believed to have access to the spirits of the dead; they may also be sensitive to the presence of angels or other spiritual entities. How to Use Sensible The most common definitions  of the adjective sensible are: practical, reasonable, and having (or showing) good sense or sound judgment. Although the term sensible is usually positive when applied to an individual, it can also have negative connotations when the sensible choice is compared to the creative, exciting, or adventurous choice. For example, Bob made the sensible choice and became an accountant instead of joining the Peace Corps.   When applied to objects rather than people, sensible items are often considered to be practical but unfashionable or uninteresting. Sensible shoes, for example, are intended for comfort rather than good looks, and a sensible dress is usually inexpensive, easy to care for, and utterly unfashionable. An archaic meaning of sensible is aware of; this usage was still common during the first part of the 20th century. Often, the term was used to describe the awareness of something intangible; for example, Elizabeth was sensible of her many flaws. Examples The following examples use the word sensible in all its senses. In the first sentence, the word is used to mean reasonable and appropriate. In the second, it is used to mean showing good judgment. In the last sentence, sensible is used in the archaic sense to mean aware of. Sticking to a sensible diet plan ensures that the weight will stay off.Children on drugs often leave clues, and sensible parents will investigate when their suspicions are aroused.Sensible of his patients anxiety, Dr. Paul was careful to be reassuring. In the first three sentences below, sensitive is used as an adjective to describe highly reactive or volatile. In the last sentence, it is used as a noun to describe a person with strong occult abilities. An extremely sensitive person may have a severe reaction to a small amount of milk protein in a candy bar.Sensitive medical equipment requires an uninterrupted supply of power.A reporter at the Washington Post gained access to several highly sensitive CIA documents.Sally hired a sensitive to determine whether her new house was really haunted. How to Remember the Difference Remember that the word sensitive is used much more often than sensible, and you are likely to hear it used to negatively describe someone who overreacts to ordinary situations. For example, Hes so sensitive that he takes offense at every little thing. The word sensible, on the other hand, ends with the sound of able, so remember that a sensible person is able to make smart decisions and judgments. Sense and Sensibility The novel Sense and Sensibility,  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹by  Jane Austen, uses forms of the words sensitive and sensible in the title—but the use of the word sensibility in this context is archaic. The novel tells the story of two sisters, one of whom is reasonable and levelheaded (sense) and the other of whom is highly emotional (sensibility). In Austens time, the term sensibility described a person (usually a woman) who reacted almost entirely based on emotions. This was considered romantic at the time, but, of course, often led to making poor decisions. Sources Sense. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Sensible.  The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.â€Å"Sensible/Sensitive.†Ã‚  Lingolia.Sensitive. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sensitive vs. Sensible.†Ã‚  English Course Malta, 13 Dec. 2018.

The Soviet Union During The Cold War Essay - 2053 Words

The Zbigniew Brzezinski defined a Soviet victory as entailing â€Å"the submissive neutralization of both Western Europe (through the dismantling of NATO) and Japan, and the withdrawal of U.S. political military presence across the oceans. Moreover, victory was also defined as attaining the worldwide economic supremacy of communism over capitalism† . Part of this view is corroborated in the infamous Long Telegram by American diplomat George F. Kennan, which, among other things, claimed that the USSR wanted to further socialism at the cost of Western capitalism. . From both sources, one can assume the terms of victory for the Soviet Union in the Cold War, and, consequently, these can be compared with the actual events of the Cold War to determine how large a defeat the Soviet Union suffered. It is indeed true that the Western capitalism emerged victorious in the end. Western Europe wasn’t â€Å"neutralised†; in fact, it was Eastern Europe that submitted to Western politics as the USSR collapsed. Similarly, by the end of the Cold War it was the USSR’s political presence - rather than the US’ - that had collapsed, leaving the US seemingly unopposed as the leading global superpower. In each of these cases, it appears that the Soviet Union suffered a total defeat far removed from any conditions of victory. However, while this paper will begin by examining these areas of defeat, it will then go on to argue that the defeat was not necessarily total. Finally, it will argue that survival andShow MoreRelatedThe Soviet Union During The Cold War999 Words   |  4 PagesThe emergence of the Cold War with the Soviet Union had far reaching impacts on American society, including hindering the pace of social reform in the United States. While some aspects of the Cold War may have helped promote certain social reforms, the net impact, deterred inevitable social reforms. Tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold Wa r induced a fear of communism in Americans that had numerous effects on American policies. McCarthyism, a period of controversialRead MoreThe Soviet Union During The Cold War1677 Words   |  7 PagesAfter World War II, the world was in a state of heightened suspicion that was lead by ideological differences. There were two main â€Å"superpowers† that shaped perceptions of the rest of the world. One was the United States, who had come out of the war fairly unscathed, which was due to little to no conflict directly on its soil, in addition to the possession of atomic weapons and a strong navy and air force. The other major player was the Soviet Union, whose industry was recovered during the first fewRead MoreThe Soviet Union During The Cold War1702 Words   |  7 Pages history in the West abruptly shifted course. The communist regimes in Eastern Europe fell, severing these nations’ ties to the Soviet Union and sparking unprecedented political and economic reforms. T wo years later, the Soviet Union itself disintegrated. The Cold War ended along with it, a sharply defined historical era stretching back to 1914. The end of the Cold War renewed the commitment to democracy and capitalism in the West, accelerated the existing movement toward unification in Europe, andRead MoreThe Soviet Union During The Cold War1805 Words   |  8 PagesThe United States did not have a favorable relationship with the Soviet Union during the Cold War due to the Soviet’s desire to spread communism. In the midst of the ideological battle between the United States and the Soviets, U.S. sought attention to whole Southeast Asia due to the radical dispersion of Communism. North Vietnam formed an alliance with the Soviet Union, and China to unite the country into a communist regime. As an international peace keeper, the United States decided to fund theRead MoreThe Soviet Union During The Cold War1772 Words   |  8 PagesWhilst United States-Soviet relations were central to post 1945, an understanding about other relations will give a fuller, wider understanding of the Cold War context. The 1950s crisis over Korea and Taiwan, the Vietnam War in the 1960s, and the conflict between Washington and Moscow all highlighted the central theme of power. Bi-polar conflicts were at the heart of the Cold War and global struggles complicated situations. The conflicts during the Cold War were underpinned by strategic, politicalRead MoreThe Second Red Scare During The Cold War With The Soviet Union1094 Words   |  5 PagesThe Second Red Scare started in the opening phases of the Cold War with the Soviet Union. The Second Red Scare refers to the anti-communist passion that affected American politics, culture and society in the 1940s and 1950s. Interpretations of the Second Red Scare have ranged between two poles: one emphasizing the threat posed to national security by the Communist Party, and the other emphasizing the threat to democracy posed by political repression. Americans historically have been fearful of â€Å"enemiesRead MoreRonald Reagan Prolonged The Cold War Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pagesfactor which played a part in ending the Cold War was the internal unrest of the Soviet Union. Also the ever changing system we know now as International Relations had a role in the conclusion of this time period. I will additionally argue the antithesis of the question and explain how Ronald Reagan prolonged the Cold War. Response: During the Second World War, USA and the Soviet Union came together against a common enemy. It was the immediate events after the War which lead to renewed tensions betweenRead MoreThe Movie Goldeneye 997 Words   |  4 Pagesstop terrorist from taking a Soviet Union satellite that can fire an electric magnetic pulse satellite (EMP) . The movie takes place from 1986 to 1995, all during the time of the cold war. Within the movie there are a few villains that are fighting against Bond, Alec Trevelyan formally MI6 special agent 006 and James Bond partner, Boris Grishenko an indepent hacker that works for the Janus group, and Soviet Union fighting against other countries during the cold war. The movie Goldeneye shows themesRead MoreThe Cold War and Us Diplomacy1213 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War and the United States Diplomacy Name: Institution: The Cold War and the United States Diplomacy The Cold War was the state of military and political tension between Western countries, especially the United States, its NATO allies, and the communist nations, particularly the Soviet Union and other satellite states. The war began after World War II had got to an end. The Cold War was named so since it did not feature anyRead More Causes Of The Cold War Essay608 Words   |  3 Pages Causes of the Cold War nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The Cold War occurred during a time of rebuilding for Europe. It characterized international relations and dominated the foreign policies of Europe. It affected all of Europe and determined lasting alliances. The Cold War was caused by the social climate and tension in Europe at the end of World War II and by the increasing power struggles between the Soviet Union. Economic separation between the Soviets and the west also heightened tensions

Relationship between Development and Democracy Free Essays

string(133) " One of the gaps that need to be filled in the research on development and democracy is clearly what difference globalization makes\." The rapid political transformation that exemplified the last decade of the past century in various countries of the world encouraged a renewed interest in the relationship between development and democracy (Doorenspleet, 2002, p. 55). The argument in the 1960s had been that democracy was positively interrelated to the level of modernization, and then viewed as the equivalence of development. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between Development and Democracy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The two succeeding decades were much more cautious about any such relationship. It was only the turbulent years following the fall of communism and the attempts to move away from dictatorial modes of rule that encouraged comparative politics students to revisit the development – democracy nexus (Chan, 2002, p. 89). The students of Latin American politics had already started to respond to reform efforts embarked on in their region in the early 1980s. It was in the 1990s that issues of democratization reentered the mainstream of comparative politics. The re-orientation in the field of comparative politics has already resulted in a wide range of publications. Mapping the Major Approaches Development and democracy are both very complicated concepts as they tend to mean different things to different people. For example, conceptions of development have varied over time in the last five decades from being the equivalence of modernization to being concerned with overcoming social inequities and on to providing opportunities for individuals in the marketplace and institutional improvements in the name of good governance. The definition of democracy has been the subject of much debate as to whether it should be a minimalist concept useful for analytical functions (Doorenspleet, 2002, p. 57). I suggest that it may be helpful to follow a distinction along 2 axes. The first is methodological and epistemological where the two endpoints are agency and structure. The second is substantive in nature which differentiates between a focus on elite or mass level. The structuralist approaches typically adopt a historical standpoint in explaining the success or failure of democratization. The development and democracy also varies in terms of its focus on elites or the mass of the population. Those who are concerned with providing prescriptive advice tend to be focusing on the privileged because they are the ones directly concerned with making policy. Political scientists have amassed enough knowledge about democratization process that we can tell the political elite what traps to keep away from and what opportunities to take hold of. This remains the ultimate goal of political science as most people in the discipline are likely to adopt a more humble position, realizing that our knowledge of democratization is still very general and fragmented (Chan, 2002, p. 144). The University of Michigan administered a survey which has contributed to an understanding of how human values and preferences shift in response to changes in material circumstances. Associations also count in this type of political studies. The long term positive outcome comes from people working together in small scale groups. Structuralist studies Structuralist studies have evolved over the past 40 years and it has been proved that this is a fruitful area of research. Three issues have crystallized as being of special interest: (1)  Ã‚   Does location in the global economic order matter? (2)  Ã‚   Does class or social structure matter? and (3)  Ã‚   Do value changes caused by structural factors matter? I shall discuss these issues in turn before focusing on some of the methodological challenges associated with this approach. Location in the global economic order Studies in this area have a long pedigree with many other well-known political sociologists and political economists having made contributions. The original finding was that the more prosperous a nation, the greater the chances that it will maintain democracy (Doorenspleet, 2002, p. 68). It was not the location in the global economic order that was important, but the ability of a country to adopt the structural and cultural features associated with modern society, i.e. an urbanized and educated population as well as an industrialized economy. Using the regression type of statistical analysis, scholars have demonstrated that level of economic development consistently appears as a statistically and substantively significant influence on democracy (Haggard, 2003). The level of economic development alone accounts for more variance in democracy than all other independent variables taken altogether. Therefore, some students of development and democracy are ready to treat it as such a strong correlation that it must not to be in question. Even if it is a vigorous relationship, it raises questions about what in that association really matters, and what kind of conclusions to draw there from. The thing which matters is at least in part determined by how the dependent and independent variables are specified. It has been found that while being well-to-do matters at the level of cross national comparison; it is not necessarily the economic but the social factors, such as education literacy that are the more powerful explanatory variables (Chan, 2002, p. 123). Few scholars have questioned whether it is the rate of economic growth or the level of economic development that is more important. The prospects to become democratic countries are rather dim, not because most Third World nations have low average per capita incomes, but because the economic development is not fast enough or the rate of growth is slow. The potential importance of location in the global economic order is also a very significant variable. Economic development has a differential impact and it matters most in the industrialized countries, only half as much in the semi peripheral countries, and even less so for countries in the periphery (Haggard, 2003). Studies have also established a positive correlation between key variables but they do not necessarily rein in everything that matters in the development – democracy equation. One may assume that the economic development matters the most in the core or the industrialized countries because it has been present there for a longer time period. It is not only the domestic environment of the countries in the periphery that counts but also their exterior environment. One of the gaps that need to be filled in the research on development and democracy is clearly what difference globalization makes. You read "Relationship between Development and Democracy" in category "Papers" The relationship between globalization, socio-economic development and democracy is of prime importance (Doorenspleet, 2002, p. 52). Economic crises and other performance problems in the non democratic regimes help promote a democratic transition. Using data for approximately 100 Third World nations with populations of at least one-million, it was proved that inflationary crises tended to inhibit democratization in 1950s and 1960s but seem to have facilitated the same process in the late 1980s. Another proposition is that there is no relationship between per capita income level and the probability of democratic transition contrary to what was indicated earlier. One such reason may be growing international pressure to democratize (Johansson, 2002, p. 23). The Role of Class Structure This type of study is useful for focusing on wide systematic causal processes that hold across space and time, but needs to be complemented by those that include more characteristic explanations that hold at certain times or in certain regions only (Chan, 2002, p. 24). The analysis of specific historical events or processes is often an unavoidable complement to statistical techniques, especially if the objective of the research is to concentrate on the occurrence of discrete events within their historical context. The capitalist economic development creates growing pressure for democratization by fostering the emergence of a middle-class has been very broadly accepted: ‘without a bourgeoisie, no democracy’. This sets the broader parameters for the development of democracy by liberalizing economic market forces and thereby, also individualizing both behaviors and choices. Comparing Germany and Japan, which adopted a fascist approach to rule, with the UK and USA, which chose a democratic path, the class is an extremely vital factor. The middle class or the bourgeoisie enjoys a degree of self-sufficiency by being able to shape the course of political development in any direction. It is not expected that the middle-class will choose a democratic path over a non democratic one. It all depends on how they manage the challenges that structural factors present in the economy (Doorenspleet, 2002, p. 53). With economic liberalization being pushed around the world, one can hypothesize that class may grow in significance. Deeper social inequalities are reported from all regions of the world and Livelihoods are being threatened, quality of life is going down for a bulk of people, more specifically in the Third World countries. The most immediate issue is how to make the concept of class operational. There is no universal accord about how that should be done. It is not easy at this point to arrive at any solid conclusions about the relationship between the class and the prospect of transition to democracy. In a first attempt to do so, it was found that class structure does not have an impact on the likelihood that a nation makes a transition to democracy (Chan, 2002, p. 67). It is a path breaking study that points to the need for many more studies in this area and the surveys that try to measure people’s subjective perception of class. Survey data are available for industrialized nations but are yet to be collected in developing countries. Such data would significantly improve our ability to say something about the relationship between class and the probability of transition to democracy. Value Changes Changes in the economy do not only create new forms of social stratification as they also influence our cultural values. Modernization and value change is the subject of several important studies in the field of comparative politics. Subjective aspirations reflect the nature of objective conditions, a point that is associated traditionally with Marxism but is also reflected in psychological theories (Doorenspleet, 2002, p. 58). The strengthening of human striving for self expression that follows from enlarging people’s cognitive and physical resources (modernization) reduces constraints on the level of formal rules by generating negative and positive freedom rights (democratization). Using data from 63 societies, it was found that: (1)  Ã‚   Democratization originates in aspiration adjustments on individual level, (2)  Ã‚   Democracy does not flow directly from economic changes but through shifts in ethical values, (3)  Ã‚   This sequence has cross cultural validity, and, (4)  Ã‚   The sequence holds against rival influences, the transnational infusion of changes in traditionally connected societies. More research is needed to ascertain whether these findings hold if other data sets are used, the notion that democratization in a given society is the result of both ethical and material changes is important. It is suggested that the dynamics of social change is driven more by internal than external factors. We do not specifically address this issue here, but it is one that should be considered in the light of amplified global communications (Haggard, 2003). Methodological Issues One of the problems with research on democracy and development is that scholars using quantitative methods tend to ignore those using qualitative methods, and vice versa. The latter tend to use thick concepts which are applied to a very small number of cases, whereas the former tend to rely on thin concepts that are applied to a large number of cases. Due to the lack of dialogue between these two researcher groups, the task of knowing more about causal relations has been stifled. The assumption being that qualitative researchers play a key role in opening up novel areas of inquiry, while the quantitatively oriented can determine the extent to which findings can be generalized. In short, the study of development and democracy requires both approaches since both of them are complementary to each other (Johansson, 2002, p. 23). There are many troubles with the existing state of knowledge in this field that stem from methodological inadequacies. The first concern is the quality of the data available. There has been a heavy reliance on the Freedom House Index (FHI) of Civil Liberties and Political Rights. With few other data sets available, it is quite understandable that many researchers have found the FHI handy. There are at least two problems with that Index. The first is that it relies on the evaluative input of a panel of experts rather than primary data collected in survey form. The scores in the Index, while not entirely invalid, nonetheless suffer from lack of representativeness of opinions in individual nations (Johansson, 2002, p. 213). The second problem is that the cumulative scores provided for each indicator and country tends to be rather rough. This lack of differentiation is also obvious in many studies that use other data. Most researchers have to settle for a sub-optimal choice, because it is extremely difficult to identify a singular manifestation. Reliability refers to the prospect that the same data collection process would produce the same data. Duplication prevails whenever other scholars are able to reproduce the process through which data were generated. Structured contingency If the structuralist concern with the pre-requisites of democracy constitutes the first generation of studies on democratization, a distinct second generation has emerged in the past two decades that is more process oriented and focused on contingent choice. This innovative approach incorporates institutional factors as explanatory variables (Haggard, 2003). Democratization is understood as a historical process with analytically distinct, if empirically overlapping, stages of consolidation and transition. A variety of actors with different followings, calculations, preferences, resources and time horizons come to the fore during these successive stages. These stages vary in terms of degree of uncertainty prevailing at each point. During regime transitions, interactions, and political calculations are highly uncertain, actors find it hard to know what their interests are, who their supporters are, and which groups will be their allies or opponents. The absence of predictable rules of the game during a regime transition expands the boundaries of contingent choice (Johansson, 2002, p. 88). A government is being consolidated whenever contending groups come to accept some set of rules, formal or informal, about who gets what, when and how from politics. Power-sharing arrangements Democratization often runs into grave difficulties because societies are divided vertically rather than horizontally. Resource conflicts are not interpreted in straight-forward social class terms but take on meaning only in the context of identity politics. Whether ethnicity, race or religion constitutes the line along which cleavages are defined, they pose a special problem for democratizing countries specifically because the issue of inclusion in regime is conflated with inclusion in the community. Strategic choices are socially or culturally embedded to such an amount that it becomes difficult to produce governance agreements that satisfy all parties to the conflict (Johansson, 2002, p. 56). The problems of exclusion and inclusion do not fade away when new institutions are being adopted and put into operation. Democratization itself may aggravate such problems precisely because it brings elements of openness and competition into the political progression. Conceptions of the scope of the political community become more prominent as people interact with each other in the public realm and have to make choices about who is an insider and who is an outsider. One of the ironies of democratization is that, as the future is being planned, the past intrudes with escalating severity. There is no such thing as a fresh start in culturally plural societies; differences in historical depth are likely to matter. For example, where the notion of first-comers is deeply rooted, claims of political priority by virtue of indigenousness are typically made to confront those deemed to be immigrants (Haggard, 2003). Europe and Asia are particularly full of such claims. Sri Lankan Tamils really belong to South India. Chinese in Indonesia and Malaysia are immigrants and Bengalis are illegally in Assam. The Balkans, the Baltic and the Caucasus regions of the former USSR are other examples of places where such claims are being made. They are particularly hard to resolve because they are frequently embedded in religious differences that reinforce the ethnic dimension and have a long history. Electoral modalities In the 1990s, larger attention was paid to how different electoral rules may help promote inclusiveness. Such rules are the most specific manipulative instrument of politics. Africans realized this point at independence and many leaders proceeded to promote inclusiveness within a democratically designed single party system. Although the principle of competitive elections within a single party system was an interesting innovation, practical experience soon showed that sustaining the democratic element in such system became very hard (Chan, 2002, p. 345). Most of the conversation on what difference electoral systems or modalities make has focused on the comparative advantages of proportional representation and majority systems. The combination of parliamentary system with a proportional system of representation as the constitutional arrangement most likely to serve racially divided societies well. It is only in industrialist societies with a more dispersed population that proportional representation (PR) has the intended effects of enhancing the distribution of power among elites. Another study of electoral systems in southern Africa maintains that a mixed member proportional system (MMP), as used in Germany and New Zealand, may prove to be particularly relevant in countries such as South Africa where forms of power sharing have been considered vital to a successful democratic transition (Haggard, 2003). Legal Systems One of the more dominant arguments for the link between liberal democracy and capitalism rests on the premise that with the rise of a private property regime, the estate of the landlord is fully severed from the state, thus consolidating the separation between public and private spheres of power. Capitalist economic rule is no longer legitimated politically by reference to the performance of communal functions. Private power is stabilized to the extent that democratic principles of rule are successfully insulated within a public domain (Johansson, 2002, p. 98). This emphasis on human rights has also brought a renewed importance to concepts such as rule of law and by implication to the role of legal systems in democratization. Civil Society Civil society is a bothersome concept. It refers to all voluntary associations that have been created to mediate relations between the state and the family household. This excludes productive enterprises since their purpose is not to associate individuals to the state. Most students of civil society take a functional view of the society counting in all associations regardless of their normative stand on the democracy issue. Many nations that are attempting to consolidate democracy suffer from what is sometimes referred to as a civic deficit. This entails that society is short of the values that really help build democracy. This deficit often stems from disenchantment with the political leadership. The new democratic regime proves ineffective in various ways, such as not being able to curb corruption or to deliver tangible policy results. Once the transition from dictatorial rule has been made, it is more difficult to mobilize popular support for the measures that are necessary to keep the democratic process on the track. The civil society is most effective in the initial phase of the transition. It tends to lose its implication in the political process as it moves from transition to consolidation (Chan, 2002, p. 266). Social movements clearly energize civil society. They often lead major political transitions, but they also contribute to keeping civil society healthy at other times. Without such movements, the impact of civil society on democracy would be much less significant. Without implying that social movements always work for a civic or democratic cause (Johansson, 2002, p. 143). It seems a feasible proposition to state that a democratic change without the backing of a social movement is less likely to achieve something than one with such backing. Conclusion To conclude, it may be worth making a few general observations on the studies of development and democracy. The first is that the difference between qualitative and quantitative studies is often exaggerated. There are substantive differences between the two, but they lie not in the criteria used to create and rationalize a particular research design but in the manner in which the former is executed (Haggard, 2003). It is primarily in the execution of research that quantitative statistical analyzes come to differ from qualitative forms of study. When it comes to designing research, considerable qualitative reasoning goes into designing quantitative studies. When choosing the unit of analysis, indicators for measurement and set of cases, qualitative criteria are being used to justify the design. The qualitative reasoning enters into the design in at least two ways: first, by differentiating between Europe and Latin America and the second, by bringing in the concept of stability, which does not even feature in the conceptual definition of democracy (Chan, 2002, p. 67). We should be alert to the fact that the distinction between qualitative and quantitative forms of reasoning is more blurred than many scholars would have us believe. The second observation is that the relationships between variables are not always linear in a causal sense. The study of the development – democracy nexus provides ample of evidence that the relations are often interactive; development, or dimensions thereof, influences democracy but scope of democracy may also affect development. Modernists and Marxists tend to assume that political democracy is the outcome of underlying changes in the socio-economic or cultural spheres. Those who essentially believe in human agency would argue that institutions and choices can be made to shape developmental outcomes. Much of the current debate in the international development community focuses on the independent effects that good governance is expected to have on various aspects of development (Haggard, 2003). The third and final observation concerns the propensity to treat findings as universal or to generalize without taking into consideration the potential influence of contextual variables. Much knowledge that is acquired on the issues relating to development and democracy are both time and context specific. Changing either temporal or spatial dimensions may have significant influence on the results. Generalizations that hold across national and regional boundaries are typically at a high level of aggregation. The challenge that we often face in our research is not only to disaggregate or deconstruct these concepts and variables but also to continue testing how far these general findings still hold at lower levels of aggregation. In sum, whichever way we turn in the research exercise, there are challenges just around the corner (Haggard, 2003). The contributors to this essay are highlighting many of these challenges, thereby providing a sense of what comparative politics have achieved so far and also what remains to be done. How to cite Relationship between Development and Democracy, Papers

Railway Disaster Prevention System Using Gis and Gps Essay Sample free essay sample

Railway industry has a valuable function in economic development of each state. India’s monolithic rail web is hit by an norm of 300 accidents a twelvemonth. Accident direction in railroad determination devising has to see the undermentioned two issues to avoid or extenuate the amendss: ( I ) accident bar and development of an dismaying system to foretell and dismay before the happening of accidents. ( two ) decrease of negative effects of accidents after its happening through proper exigency and direction services. To accomplish the above-named aims. necessary stairss have been taken to imitate train motion. accidents and inveigh accident direction system. The major jobs in the simulation include. ( I ) the deficiency of appropriate information. ( two ) the job of doing existent accident scene environment due to human and cost issues and ( three ) jobs in executing a comprehensive trial on the system. CURRENT TRAIN ACCIDENT SENARIO IN INDIA: 150 old ages after it foremost chugged on class of a glorious ongoing journey. We will write a custom essay sample on Railway Disaster Prevention System Using Gis and Gps Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Indian Railways bears a instead double differentiation today. It is the 2nd largest rail web under one direction but with a record figure of accidents. From a ‘Puffing Dragon’ to ‘Electrical Giant on rail’ and so a line of life to the state. Indian Railways has come a long manner but its substructure and the system has non. It has been killing people on a regular basis. thanks to antediluvian substructure. sick care. and worst of all — HUMAN ERROR. blamed for two-thirds of about an estimated 400 â€Å"consequential† rail accidents that take topographic point in a twelvemonth. Last twelvemonth accounted for 460 accidents. Twenty-five of them were hits. No admiration. the slow modernization of Indian Railways has made foreign media frequently dubs it as a turn overing railroad museum pulling nostalgic train fans from all over the universe. says MK Mishra. former member of Indian railroad board.  © GIS Development Map World Forum Hyderabad. India But the Secretary Railway Board R K Singh differs. â€Å"The Accident Collision Device and Railways Vision 2050 undertakings besides a host of new safety commissariats will shortly give adequate replies to the skeptics. † he said. A Railway Ministry study has found alcohol addiction among field staff to be a major cause of human mistake taking to mishaps. and suggested breathalyzer trials and random cheques for the staff among other steps. says CM Khosla. another ex-member of the Board. Statisticss show that 76 per cent of the accidents take topographic point because of derailments following human mistake. track jobs or adverse weather conditions. Collisions lead to about eight per cent of the bad lucks. In 1968 the Railway Board in response to the Railway Accidents Inquiry Committee set a mark of 0. 36 as the figure of hits per MTK. But the figure remains for the books. Railway Ministry. after all. has now woken up to the pressing demand to stem the putrefaction in the 66. 80 0-miles long web that transports over 13 million people and dozenss of goods each twenty-four hours through over 13. 000 trains across India. The Railway Budget 2002-2003 has made particular commissariats for safety of the riders. It has planned Rs 17. 000 crore Particular Railway Safety Fund ( SRSF ) to replace antique assets in following six old ages. Under the move. about 17. 000 kilometer of path will be renewed. over 3. 000 Bridgess rebuilt and signal cogwheels will be replaced at about 1000 Stationss. There are over 120. 000 steel Bridgess. a batch of which are ageing and accident-prone. The ever-surging traffic makes the railroads all the more vulnerable to accidents. The Railway Minister Nitish Kumar has farther announced debut of 25 new trains and 16 inter-city train services to be called as Jan Shatabdi Express. The ruddy tape has added to job. Railway safety recommendations are rarely implemented to the full. if at all. Statutory investigation by Commissioner of Railway Safety is ordered after about every bad luck but action is normally taken against low-level functionaries. most of them whipping boies. Sometimes. eccentric theories are expounded for the accidents. When the Trivandrumbound Island Ex press from Bangalore plunged into Quilon river in 1989. killing 107 people. the investigation concluded that the accident was due to a ‘freak typhoon’ that hit in the split-seconds when the train crossed the river span. Hyderabad. India Experts say that though most of the rail accidents in India were evitable. the bad lucks will necessarily happen in such a mammoth and old system. built by the Britishers during the Raj. Intelligent investing in engineering and equipment is the key to safe rail travel. they say Introduction TO GIS A ; GPS SYSTEM: A figure of turn uping and positioning scientific disciplines and engineerings have been employed to expeditiously manage railroad accidents. Among them geospatial information system ( GIS ) as a placement and planetary placement system ( GPS ) as a placement system have been extremely considered as extremely efficient. â€Å"A geographic information system ( GIS ) is a computer-based tool for function and analysing things that exist and events that happen on Earth. GIS engineering integrates common database operations such as question and statistical analysis with the alone visual image and geographic analysis benefits offered by maps. † ESRI Components of GIS Hardware: Hardware comprises the equipment needed to back up the many activities of GIS runing from informations aggregation to data analysis. eg. web-enabled GIS. web waiters. digitiser. GPS informations lumberman to roll up informations in the field. Software: package is indispensable for making. redacting and analysing spacial and attribute informations. therefore these bundles contain a myriad of GIS maps inherent to them. eg. ArcView. ArcInfo. Erdas. ILWIS. Geomatica. etc. Datas: Data is the nucleus of any GIS. There are two primary types of informations that are used in GIS. A geodatabase is a database that is in some manner refe renced to locations on the Earth. Geodatabases are grouped into two different types: vector and raster. Coupled with this information is normally informations known as property informations. Documentation of GIS datasets is known as metadata. Peoples: Well-trained people knowing in spacial analysis and skilled in utilizing GIS package are indispensable to the GIS procedure. GIS is the scientific discipline and engineering of spacial and attribute information integrating and can be expeditiously used to supervise and pull off railroad accidents. The Global Positioning System ( GPS ) is a satellite-based pilotage system made up of a web of 24 orbiters placed into orbit by the U. S. Department of Defense. GPS was originally intended for military applications. but in the 1980s. the authorities made the system available for civilian usage. GPS works in any conditions conditions. anyplace in the universe. 24 hours a twenty-four hours. There are no subscription fees or apparatus charges to utilize GPS. How it works GPS orbiters circle the Earth twice a twenty-four hours in a really precise orbit and transmit signal information to Earth. GPS receiving systems take this information and usage triangulation to cipher the user’s exact location. Basically. the GPS receiving system compares the clip a signal was transmitted by a orbiter with the clip it was received. The clip difference tells the GPS receiver how far off the orbiter is. Now. with distance measurings from a few more orbiters. the receiving system can find the user’s place and show it on the unit’s electronic map A GPS receiving system must be locked on to the signal of at least three orbiters to cipher a 2D place ( latitude and longitude ) and track motion. With four or more orbiters in position. the receiving system can find the user’s 3D place ( latitude. longitude and height ) . Once the user’s place has been determined. the GPS unit can cipher other information. such as velocity. bear ing. path. trip distance. distance to finish. dawn and sundown clip and more. The GPS orbiter system The 24 orbiters that make up the GPS infinite section are revolving the Earth about 12. 000 stat mis above us. They are invariably traveling. doing two complete orbits in less than 24 hours. These orbiters are going at velocities of approximately 7. 000 stat mis an hr. Here are some other interesting facts about the GPS orbiters ( besides called NAVSTAR. the official U. S. Department of Defense name for GPS ) :  © GIS Development The first GPS orbiter was launched in 1978. A full configuration of 24 orbiters was achieved in 1994. Each orbiter is built to last about 10 old ages. Replacements are invariably being built and launched into orbit. A GPS orbiter weighs about 2. 000 lbs and is about 17 pess across with the solar panels extended. Transmitter power is merely 50 Wattss or less. What’s the signal? GPS satellites transmit two low power wireless signals. designated L1 and L2. Civilian GPS uses the L1 frequence of 1575. 42 MHz in the UHF set. The signals travel by line of sight. intending they will go through through clouds. glass and plastic but will non travel through most solid objects such as edifices and mountains. A GPS signal contains three different spots of information — a pseudorandom codification. ephemeris informations and farmers calendar informations. The pseudorandom codification is merely an I. D. codification that identifies which satellite is conveying information. You can see this figure on your Garmin GPS unit’s orbiter page. as it identifies which satellites it’s having. Ephemeris information tells the GPS receiving system where each GPS orbiter should be at any clip throughout the twenty-four hours. Each orbiter transmits ephemeris informations demoing the orbital information for that orbiter and for every other orbiter in the system. Almanac information. which is invariably transmitted by each orbiter. contains of import information about the position of the orbiter ( healthy or unhealthy ) . current day of the month and clip. This portion of the signal is indispensable for finding a place. Beginnings of GPS signal mistakes: Factors that can degrade the GPS signal and therefore affect truth include the followers: Ionosphere and troposphere holds — The satellite signal slows as it passes through the ambiance. The GPS system uses a constitutional theoretical account that calculates an mean sum of hold to partly rectify for this type of mistake. Signal multipath — This occurs when the GPS signal is reflected off objects such as tall edifices or big stone surfaces before it reaches the receiving system. This increases the travel clip of the signal. thereby doing mistakes. Orbital mistakes — Besides known as ephemeris mistakes. these are inaccuracies of the satellite’s reported location. Number of orbiters seeable — The more satellites a GPS receiving system can â€Å"see. † the better the truth. Buildings. terrain. electronic intervention. or sometimes even heavy leaf can barricade signal response. doing place mistakes or perchance no place reading at all. GPS units typically will non work indoors. underwater or resistance. Satellite geometry/shading â₠¬â€ This refers to the comparative place of the orbiters at any given clip. Ideal satellite geometry exists when the orbiters are located at broad angles relative to each other. Poor geometry consequences when the orbiters are located in a line or in a tight grouping EXISTING TECHONOLGY IN INDIA: The bing conventional signaling system most of the times relay on the unwritten communicating through telephonic and telegraphic conversations as input for the determination devising in path allotment for trains. There is big range for miscommunication of the information or communicating spread due to the higher human intervention in the system. This miscommunication may take to incorrect allotment of the path for trains. which finally leads to the train hit. The statistics in the development states demoing that 80 % of worst hits occurred so far is due to either human mistake or wrong determination doing through miscommunication in signaling and its execution. The existent clip screening of existent current places of the trains at assorted locations is possible with the uninterrupted trailing of rail traffic with the Geographic Positional System equipment installed in the trains. The latest developments in the GPS engineering will give the positional truth of about 2m. Practically talking these truth degrees may non do to turn up the train on exact peculiar path on which the train is really going. But the existent clip dynamic location information provided by GPS equipment can be utilized as the input for the signaling system to assistance as the polish tool for determination devising in allocation of the path for trains. The range for the human mistake can be eliminated by effectual use of incorporate system as a cross cheque step against the determination of signal and besides can be continuously supervise the system even after implementing the determination with mention to the dynamic screening of the existent clip motion of the trains on the path. The proposed system contains two major constituents of Geographic Information system. The inactive information contains detailed function of the rail net work as a spacial database in GIS platform. The Dynamic informations sing the motion of rail traffic collected through the GPS equipment installed in train. signaling cabin and station supervisor’s cabin. The GIS enabled â€Å"Rail following system† takes the input signals from the close by GPS installed in trains and continuously displays the places of the trains in the locality of the interested country to enable the determination shapers of signaling to see the realistic state of affairs. The existent clip informations can be obtained by utilizing cyberspace services and centralized through which all the station are linked. Control Room Railway Traffic Monitoring utilizing GIS and GPS. This dynamic screening of realistic place of the trains avoids dependence of the signaling crew merely on the unwritten communicating. Thus the human mistake in communicating can be minimized. For farther sweetening of the system the signaling determinations taken by the crew can be crosschecked with the uninterrupted monitoring of existent clip informations available with in the system by any superior prior to implement the determination. This can be done by digitising the paths which will assist us in turn uping the existent clip place of the train. utilizing Arc View Gis package. ROLE OF GIS IN RESCUE MANAGEMENT: Locating the site of accident becomes really simpler as inputting the approximative Latitude and Longitude can make it. or the site can be searched by the names of the locations nearby. The handiness can be analyzed more realistically with assistance of the route cyberspace work maps in the locality of site of accident. Finding out the needed resources becomes simpler. speedy and accurate as the information base contains the information about about all the resources available like Police. Administration. gross governments. medical installations with inside informations about the figure of beds. specialisation etc. fire contending installations with available substructure. and other resources like voluntary organisations and particular constabulary forces etc. Finding out optimal paths between different resource locations to accident site. The system besides helpful in topographic and demographic analysis to better the effectivity in the planning and execution activities. The system besides provides buffer analysis to ease effectual planning and use of the available resources in the needed buffer zones of the affected countries. The system besides provides really eas y agencies to add and update the records of the database so that the regular updating can be simpler undertaking. The system provides uninterrupted supervising on deliverance activities and facilitates dynamic planning of schemes to run into the altering demands of the deliverance activities with regard to the electric resistance of the execution of planned schemes. Cost EFFECTIVE: Any engineering in the universe if it is non cost effectual. it has got no relevancy. So this engineering can be cost if implemented decently. Although this engineering have high installing cost ab initio but: †¢ †¢ †¢ Will cut down the work force required. Will decidedly cut down train accident. And one train accident leads to loss of nucleuss of rupees. which can be saved and be used by authorities for modernisation of railroads. Late running of trains can be prevented to big extend.  © GIS Development Decision: Railway has long been considered as the safest transit media. Acknowledging the demand to better the efficiency of the transit systems. it is necessary to look into the accidents and happen out velocity. lading tunnage. It is necessary to look into the accidents and happen out the indispensable methodological analysiss for optimal direction of information and resources available in railroad deliverance operations. The statistics show a immense figure of accidents are due to human mistakes. Therefore. holding a systematic manner for railroad operation direction and decrease of human intercession or commanding activities and public presentations could play a important function in cut downing the figure and impact of accidents. Reliable. accurate. precise. up-to-date and structured geospatial information is the key for determination devising. Integration of GIS as a system for optimal acquisition and direction of geospatial informations and GPS as a dependable agencies of posi tioning and pilotage could pave the manner for an intelligent determination devising in railroad organisations to forestall or extenuate immense sum of homo and economic losingss. The developed system has proved to be successful in a figure of issues like finding of the best way to acquire to the accident location and perform exigency services. The system could be installed on a Personal computer or laptop with minimal 64 Mbyte RAM with an AutoCad system which is used as a graphical media. The system has been implemented in a existent traffic environment with the ability to reply a figure of spacial. non spacial and incorporate questions. ACKNOWLEGMENT: The writers are like to take this chance to show their profound gratitude to Mr. Anuj Kumar Singh. Lecturer. Symbiosis Institute Of Geoinformatics for supplying support and encouragement to fix this paper. We are besides highly indebted to Mr Brigadier K. K. V. Khanzode. VSM. Director. Symbiosis Institute Of Geoinformatics. for his sort cooperation and suggestions and perennial beginning of encouragement. Last but non least we are really much thankful to the Dr. Hrishikesh Samant. Member. Technical Committee. Map World Forum for accepting this paper. Mentions: 1. Burrough. P. A A ; R. A. McDonnell ( 1998 ) . â€Å"Principles of Geographical Information System † . Oxford. University Press. Inc. . New York. 3. Aronoff. S. ( 1989 ) . â€Å"Geographic Information System: AManagement Perspective† Ottawa. WDL Publication. 4. Madani. A. ( 2001 ) . â€Å"Intergration of GPS and GIS withEmphasis on Automatic Vehicle Tracking and NavigationSystem ( AVTNS ) † . M. Sc. Thesis. Eng. Faculty. University of Tehran. Iran.5. Derekenaris. G. . Garofalakis. J. . Makris. C. . Prentzas. J. . Sioutas. S. A ; Tsakalidis. A. ( 2000 ) . †Integration of GIS. GPS and GSM engineerings for the effectual direction of ambulances† . ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. elsevier. com/locate/compenvurbsys ) . 6. Fundamentalss of Geographic Information Systems- Lillisand and Keefer 7. GIS Development magazines 8. World Wide Web. indiastat. com